https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/beyond/issue/feedBeyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching2024-02-13T11:27:49+00:00Danuta Stanulewiczangds@ug.edu.plOpen Journal Systems<p>Beyond Philology is an international journal of linguistics, literary studies and language acquisition. We publish articles, reviews, reports and interviews. The language of the journal is English. Papers are placed in the following sections: Linguistics Literary Studies Translation Culture Language Acquisition Academic Teaching Reviews Reports Interviews The papers in the Linguistics section concern the English language as well as Polish, the Celtic languages and others. Papers in the Literary Studies section concentrate on prose, poetry and drama of authors representing different English-speaking countries. The Language Acquisition section contains papers on teaching and learning foreign languages, mainly English. Beyond Philology publishes papers not only in the field of English Studies. The contributors include experienced scholars as well as doctoral students.</p>https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/beyond/article/view/10388Old Nordic herðr ‘shoulder’ and Greek κορσίς ‘behind, buttocks, ass’: Is there any etymological relationship between them?2024-02-13T09:33:16+00:00Elwira Kaczyńska<p>The article discusses a possible relationship between the Proto-Germanic term for ‘shoulder’ (ON. herðr f., Far. herðar f. pl.; Elfd. erde f.; OHG. harti, herti f., MHG. herte f. < PG. *hardīz f.) and the unexplained Greek gloss attested in the lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria: †κορσίς· πυγή (“korsís: behind, buttocks, ass”). It is suggested that the above-mentioned gloss comes from the Laconian dialect, which already in the Classical era (5th–4th c. BC) spirantized the Greek phoneme θ [th] > [θ] > Lac. σ [s]. The Laconian word κορσίς goes back to the Doric appellative *κορθίς, which presumably derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱerdh- ‘to fart, blow to, break wind’, secondarily ‘to stink, smell’ (cf. Ved. śárdhate ‘s/he breaks wind downwards’; Lat. cerda f. ‘dung’ attested in mūscerdae f. pl. ‘mouse droppings’, ovicerda f. ‘sheep dung’ etc.). The Laconian derivative has reliable semantic equivalents in other Indo-European languages (e.g. Skt. śr̥dhū- f. ‘the anus, rump’, śr̥dhu- m. ‘id.’). The Proto-Germanic term *hardīz (gen. sg. *hardjōz) ‘shoulder’ has no convincing etymology. Its juxtaposition with the Laconian word κορσίς (< Doric Greek *κορθίς < IE. *ḱordh-ī̆-s f.) seems phonologically indisputable. Doubts are raised only by the semantic part of the proposed etymology. The author assumes that ancestors of the Germanic people originally used the term *hardīz (< PIE. *ḱordh-ih2-s f.) to describe an extremely smelly part of the human body, i.e. the armpit located near the shoulder. The suggested change ‘anus, rump’ > ‘a stinking part of the body’ > ‘armpit’ > ‘shoulder’ must have taken place already in the Proto-Germanic epoch.</p>2023-12-15T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/beyond/article/view/10389Polish 'pieszy' and English 'foot': An analysis of a pair of cognates2024-02-13T09:49:05+00:00Anna Potrykus<p>The research concentrates on investigating the etymological relationship between the Polish term <em>pieszy</em> ‘pedestrian, on foot’, and the English word <em>foot</em>, both tracing their origins back to a common Proto-IndoEuropean root *<em>ped</em>-. The objective of this study is to recognize and document the various morphological, phonological, and semantic changes that this shared ancestral word has experienced throughout its evolution. The study intends to prove that the Polish word <em>pieszy</em> and the English word <em>foot</em> represent cognates by demonstrating their shared elements and explaining changes that affected them.</p>2023-12-15T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/beyond/article/view/10390Polish 'wydra' and English 'otter'2024-02-13T10:21:48+00:00Mikołaj RychłoJoanna Retman-Wieczór<p>The aim of this paper is to trace the development and relationship between Polish <em>wydra</em> and English <em>otter</em> in a broader Indo-European context. The methodology of the research involves three steps: gathering cognates (to determine the time and place of attestation), identifying morphological structure and describing the sound changes that have occurred in two descending lines of development: one, from ProtoIndo-European *<em>ud-r-eh</em>2 leading to Polish <em>wydra</em>, and the other, from Proto-Indo-European *<em>ud-r-o-</em> to English otter. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the word for ‘otter’ in Proto-Indo-European must have had distinct masculine and feminine forms and, structurally, represents a substantivized adjective meaning ‘aquatic’: its root was the zero-grade form of PIE *<em>uod-r/n</em>- ‘water’ and the -r- suffix used to perform the adjectival function.</p>2023-12-15T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/beyond/article/view/10391Taboo zoonyms: What do 'bear', 'lynx' and 'wolf' have in common?2024-02-13T10:38:01+00:00Adriana Wacewicz-Chorosz<p>The aim of this paper is to trace the etymologies of the English words <em>bear</em>, <em>lynx</em> and <em>wolf</em> and their Polish equivalents <em>niedźwiedź</em>, <em>ryś</em> and <em>wilk</em> within the context of Indo-European languages in terms of the mechanisms for creating euphemisms to denote animals subject to the phenomenon of linguistic tabooization. The methodology comprises the following stages: selection of cognates (to determine the scope of attestation); examination of the semantic features of the selected vocabulary; and an attempt to outline the problem of the functional features of euphemisms to denote tabooed vocabulary. The results of these considerations can contribute to concretising our ideas about the linguistic constitution of the surrounding world by past language users and linguistic interrelationships, as well as help reveal the peculiarities of euphemistic vocabulary conditioned by the functioning of linguistic taboos.</p>2024-02-13T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/beyond/article/view/10392“Three Quarks for Muster Mark!” A Slavic gloss to Joyce’s 'Finnegans Wake'2024-02-13T11:27:49+00:00Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak<p>The unclear verse “Three Quarks for Muster Mark!”, introduced by James Joyce (1882–1941) to his novel entitled <em>Finnegans Wake</em> (first published in 1939), was a literary source for the English word <em>quark</em> denoting ‘an elementary particle with a fractional electric charge that is part of a proton, neutron or other interacting elementary particle’. The American physicist Murray Gell-Mann, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969, was the first researcher to introduce the English word <em>quark</em> into scientific terminology as early as in 1964. After accepting his hypothesis of quarks in the world science, most physicists adopted the English term quark as standard in the physical terminology of most international languages (e.g. French <em>quark</em>, German <em>Quark</em>, Italian <em>quark</em>, Polish <em>kwark</em>, Portugal <em>quark</em>, Russian <em>кварк</em>, Spanish <em>cuark</em>, Turkish <em>kuark</em>, Ukrainian <em>кварк</em> ‘an elementary particle’) and it quickly became a widely recognized internationalism. It is not commonly known that Joyce’s verse facetiously imitated loud cries of German dairy women: <em>Drei Mark für muster Quark</em>! (literally “Three Marks for an excellent curd!”). In other words, E. <em>quark</em> ‘an elementary particle’ is motivated by the German term <em>Quark</em> m. ‘weiser Käse / curd, white cheese’, metaphorically ‘trifle, nonsense, trash, worthless thing’, which – according to most German and Slavic etymologists – represents an obvious Slavic borrowing (especially a Polish or Lower Sorbian loanword), cf. Pol. <em>twaróg</em>, dial. <em>kwaruk</em> m. ‘curd, white cheese’ (< Proto-Slavic *tvarogъ m. ‘id.’). It is suggested that the specialized term <em>kwark</em> represents the so called back-borrowing in the Polish language.</p>2023-12-15T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024