Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweThe Need for Controllability and Predictability questionnaire (NCP-q): psychometric properties and preliminary findings in a clinical sample
Słowa kluczowe:
need for control, need for predictability, functional somatic syndromes, burnout, panic disorderAbstrakt
Background:
Given the importance of the need for controllability and predictability in the broad field of health psychology, a high-quality measurement tool for these constructs is required.
Participants and procedure:
The objective of our study was to validate the Need for Controllability and Predictability questionnaire (NCP-q), which is a 15-item self-report measure that assesses an individual’s need for controllability and predictability. In study 1, an explora-tory (n = 464) and confirmatory (n = 304) factor analysis was performed in two student convenience samples. In study 2, NCP-q data of patients with panic disorder (n = 34), stress related syndromes (overstrain, n = 33; burnout, n = 39), func-tional somatic syndromes (fibromyalgia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome, n = 34), and healthy controls (n = 30) were com-pared.
Results:
The results from study 1 suggest that the NCP-q should be used as a one-dimensional instrument. The NCP-q has excellent internal consistency and an acceptable four-week test-retest reliability. Convergent validity was demonstrated. Study 2 re-vealed significantly higher NCP-q scores for all patient groups compared to healthy controls, but no differences between patient groups.
Conclusions:
A higher self-reported need for controllability and predictability can be seen as a transdiagnostic underlying mechanism of different patient groups characterized by experiencing physical symptoms in daily life. The NCP-q can be used as a reliable, concise, and clinically relevant research tool and may contribute to identifying relevant underlying mechanisms in different patient samples.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Akoglu, H. (2018). User’s guide to correlation coefficients. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 91–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2018.08.001.
Amoura, C., Sophie Berjot, S., Gillet, N., & Altintas, E. (2014). Desire for control, perception of control: Their impact on autonomous motivation and psychological adjustment. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9379-9.
Bagcioglu, E., Altunoluk, B., Bez, Y., Soylemez, H., Asik, A., & Emul, M. (2012). Metacognition in patients with premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 12, 77–84.
Bakker, A. B., Killmer, C. H., Siegrist, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Effort-reward imbalance and burnout among nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31, 884–891. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000. 01361.x.
Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 603–618. https://doi. org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402062004005.
Baron, R. S., & Logan, H. (1993). Desired control, felt control, and dental pain: Recent findings and remaining issues. Motivation and Emotion, 17, 181–204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00 992219.
Bassett, L., & Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2007). Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102, 223–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.029.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Corporation.
Bogaerts, K., Janssens, T., De Peuter, S., Van Diest, I., & Van den Bergh, O. (2010a). Negative affective pictures can elicit physical symptoms in high habitual symptom reporters. Psychology & Health, 25, 685– 698. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440902814639.
Bogaerts, K., Millen, A., Li, W., De Peuter, S., Van Diest, I., Vlemincx, E., Fannes, S., & Van den Bergh, O. (2008). High symptom reporters are less interoceptively accurate in a symptom-related context. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65, 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.03.019.
Bogaerts, K., Van Eylen, L., Li, W., Bresseleers, J., Van Diest, I., De Peuter, S., Stans, L., Decramer, M., & Van den Bergh, O. (2010b). Distorted symptom perception in patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017780.
Bogaerts, K., Walentynowicz, M., Van Den Houte, M., Constantinou, E., & Van den Bergh, O. (2022). The Interoceptive Sensitivity and Attention Questionnaire: Evaluating aspects of self-reported interoception in patients with persistent somatic symptoms, stress-related syndromes, and healthy controls. Psychosomatic Medicine, 84, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001038.
Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty: a common factor in the treatment of emotional disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 630– 645. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21965.
Brown, M., Robinson, L., Campione, G. C., Wuensch, K., Hildebrandt, T., & Micali, N. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 25, 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1002/ erv.2523.
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(01) 00092-4.
Burger, J. M. (1984). Desire for control, locus of control, and proneness to depression. Journal of Personality, 52, 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984. tb00551.x.
Burger, J. M. (1985). Desire for control and achievement-related behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1520–1533. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1520.
Burger, J. M. (1989). Negative reactions to increases in perceived personal control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 246–256. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.246.
Burger, J. M. (1992). Desire for control: Personality, social and clinical perspectives. Plenum.
Burger, J. M., & Arkin, R. M. (1980). Prediction, control, and learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 382–491. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.3.482.
Burger, J. M., & Cooper, H. M. (1979). The desirability of control. Motivation and Emotion, 3, 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994052.
Cano-López, J. B., García-Sancho, E., Fernández-Castilla, B., & Salguero, J. M. (2022). Empirical evidence of the metacognitive model of rumination and depression in clinical and nonclinical samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 46, 367–392. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10608-021-10260-2.
Carleton, R. N., Duranceau, S., Freeston, M. H., Boelen, P. A., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2014). “But it might be a heart attack”: Intolerance of uncertainty and panic disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 463–470. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.006.
Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011.
Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., De Vlieger, P., Van Damme, S., & De Clercq, A. (2008). Is it better to have controlled and lost than never to have controlled at all? An experimental investigation of control over pain. Pain, 137, 631–639. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.10.028.
Cuthbert, B. N. (2014). The RDoC framework: Facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 13, 28–35. https:// doi.org/10.1002/wps.20087.
Cvengros, J. A., Christensen, A. J., & Lawton, W. J. (2004). The role of perceived control and preference for control in adherence to a chronic medical regimen. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 155– 161. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2703_3.
de Bruin, G. O., Rassin, E., van der Heiden, C., & Muris, P. (2006). Psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Netherlands Journal of Psychology, 62, 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03061055.
Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 551–558. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1005553414688.
Fassett-Carman, A. N., DiDomenico, G. E., von Steiger, J., & Snyder, H. R. (2020). Clarifying stressinternalizing associations: Stress frequency and appraisals of severity and controllability are differentially related to depression-specific, anxietyspecific, and transdiagnostic internalizing factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 260, 638–645. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.053.
Foa, E. B., Zinbarg, R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: an animal model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 218–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0033-2909.112.2.218.
Fonteyne, R., Vervliet, B., Hermans, D., Baeyens, F., & Vansteenwegen, D. (2009). Reducing chronic anxiety by making the threatening event predictable: an experimental approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 830–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.brat.2009.06.011.
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5.
Froreich, F. V., Vartanian, L. R., Grisham, J. R., & Touyz, S. W. (2016). Dimensions of control and their relation to disordered eating behaviours and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Eating Disorders, 4, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-016-0104-4.
Fukuda, K., Straus, S. E., Hickie, I., Sharpe, M. C., Dobbins, J. G., & Komaroff, A. (1994). The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Annals of Internal Medicine, 121, 953–959. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003- 4819-121-12-199412150-00009.
Grillon, C., Baas, J. P., Lissek, S., Smith, K., & Milstein, J. (2004). Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 916–924. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0735-7044.118.5.916.
Grisham, J. R., & Williams, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control of obsessional thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.brat.2009.01.014.
Grös, D. F., Antony, M. M., Simms, L. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2007). Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Psychological Assessment, 19, 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040- 3590.19.4.369.
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 970–986. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022- 3514.64.6.970.
Havranek, M. M., Bolliger, B., Roos, S., Pryce, C. R., Quednow, B. B., & Seifritz, E. (2016). Uncontrollable and unpredictable stress interacts with subclinical depression and anxiety scores in determining anxiety response. Stress, 19, 53–62. https://doi. org/10.3109/10253890.2015.1117449.
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: a tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1094428104263675.
Howard, M. C. (2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318. 2015.1087664.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10705519909540118.
Keen, E., Kangas, M., & Gilchrist, P. T. (2022). A systematic review evaluating metacognitive beliefs in health anxiety and somatic distress. British Journal of Health Psychology, 27, 1398–1422. https://doi. org/10.1111/bjhp.12609.
Kleftaras, G., & Georgiou, C. (2014). Substance use: Depressive symptomatology, desire for control and time perspective. Mental Health and Substance Use, 7, 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/17523281. 2013.806949.
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Goldberg, D., Hasin, D., Hyman, S. E., Ivanova, M. Y., Lynam, D. R., Markon, K., ... Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): a dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 454–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258.
Laghi, F., Bianchi, D., Pompili, S., Lonigro, A., & Baiocco, R. (2018). Metacognition, emotional functioning and binge eating in adolescence: The moderation role of need to control thoughts. Eating and Weight Disorders, 23, 861–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40519-018-0603-1.
Law, A., Logan, H., & Baron, R. S. (1994). Desire for control, felt control, and stress inoculation training during dental treatment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 926–936. https://doi. org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.5.926.
Lawler, K. A., Schmied, L. A., Armstead, C. A., & Lacy, J. E. (1990). Type A behavior, desire for control, and cardiovascular reactivity in young adult women. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 5, 135–158.
Lawless, P., Lovell, G. P., Allen, A., & Kannis-Dymand, L. (2021). Metacognitions in heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men: with or without premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 49, 612–625. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465820000879.
Leotti, L. A., Iyengar, S. S., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). Born to choose: The origins and value of the need for control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 457–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.001.
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6.
Mineka, S., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1978). Unpredictable and uncontrollable events: a new perspective on experimental neurosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 256–271. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021- 843x.87.2.256.
Mittal, V. A., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2017). Research domain criteria (RDoC) grows up: Strengthening neurodevelopment investigation within the RDoC framework. Journal of Affective Disorders, 216, 30– 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.011.
Moulding, R., Doron, G., Kyrios, M., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2008). Desire for control, sense of control and obsessive-compulsive checking: an extension to clinical samples. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1472– 1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.001.
Moulding, R., & Kyrios, M. (2006). Anxiety disorders and control related beliefs: The exemplar of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cpr.2006.01.009.
Moulding, R., & Kyrios, M. (2007). Desire for control, sense of control and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 759–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9086-x.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.) Muthén & Muthén. Myles, L. A. M., Connolly, J., & Stanulewicz, N. (2020). The mediating role of perceived control and desire for control in the relationship between personality and depressive symptomology. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8, 1–24. https://doi. org/10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2589.
Myles, L. A. M., Merlo, E. M., & Obele, A. (2021). Desire for control moderates the relationship between perceived control and depressive symptomology. Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences, 8, 299–305. https://doi.org/10.22543/7674.82.P299305.
NVAB (2011). Eén lijn in de eerste lijn bij overspanning en burnout: Multidisciplinaire richtlijn overspanning en burnout voor eerstelijns professionals [One line in primary care for stress and burnout: Multidisciplinary guideline stress and burnout for first-line professionals]. Retrieved from https://nvab-online.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden-webpaginas/ MDRL_Overspanning-Burnout.pdf [accessed November 8, 2023].
Oguz, G., Celikbas, Z., Batmaz, S., Cagli, S., & Sungur, M. Z. (2019). Comparison between obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder on metacognitive beliefs, emotional schemas, and cognitive flexibility. International journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12, 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-019- 00047-5.
Overbeek, T., Schruers, K., & Griez, E. (1999). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Dutch version 5.0.0 DSM-IV. University of Maastricht.
Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (1994). Obsessive intrusive thoughts in nonclinical subjects. Part II. Cognitive appraisal, emotional response and thought control strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 403– 410. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90003-5.
Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (2002). The need to control thoughts. In R. O. Frost & G. Steketee (Eds.), Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 29–43). Pergamon/Elsevier Science Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-008043410-0/50004-0.
Ramakers, I., Van Den Houte, M., Van den Bergh, O., Van Oudenhove, L., & Bogaerts, K. (2021). Dominance of the sympathetic nervous system in patients with fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome compared to healthy controls. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 39, S212–S212.
Ramakers, I., Van Den Houte, M., Van Oudenhove, L., Van den Bergh, O., & Bogaerts, K. (2023). Endtidal CO2 in patients with panic disorder, stressrelated or functional syndromes, versus healthy controls. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 48, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484- 022-09573-z.
Sarawgi, S., Oglesby, M. E., & Cougle, J. R. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and obsessive-compulsive symptom expression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 456–462. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.06.001.
Saulnier, K. G., Allan, N. P., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019). Depression and intolerance of uncertainty: Relations between uncertainty subfactors and depression dimensions. Psychiatry, 82, 72–79. https:// doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2018.1560583.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Luschene, R. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Terluin, B., Van der Klink, J., & Schaufeli, W. (2005). Stressgerelateerde klachten: spanningsklachten, overspanning en burnout [Stress-related complaints: tension complaints, overstrain and burnout]. In J. Van der Kink, B. Terluin (Eds.), Psychische problemen en werk. Handboek voor een activerende begeleiding door huisarts en bedrijfsarts [Mental problems and work. Handbook for activating guidance by general practitioners and company doctors] (pp. 259–289). Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
Tiggemann, M., & Raven, M. (1998). Dimensions of control in bulimia and anorexia nervosa: Internal control, desire for control, or fear of losing selfcontrol? Eating Disorders, 6, 65–71. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10640269808249248.
Van der Does, A. J. W. (2002). Handleiding bij de Nederlandse bewerking van de BDI-II [Manual of the Dutch version of the BDI-II]. The Psychological Cooperation/Swets Test Publishers.
Van der Heijden, P., Hendriks, M., Witteman, C., & Egger, J. (2020). Transdiagnostische modellen voor diagnostiek van psychische stoornissen [Transdiagnostic models for diagnosis of mental disorders]. De Psycholoog, 55, 10–22.
van der Klink, J. J., & van Dijk, F. J. (2003). Dutch practice guidelines for managing adjustment disorders in occupational and primary health care. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 29, 478–487. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.756.
Van der Ploeg, H. M. (1980). Validity of the ZelfBeoordelings-Vragenlijst (A Dutch version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en haar Grensgebieden, 35, 243–249.
van Rijsoort, S., Emmelkamp, P., & Vervaeke, G. (1999). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: Structure, reliability and validity. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6, 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879 (199910)6:43.0.CO;2-E.
Walentynowicz, M., Witthöft, M., Raes, F., Van Diest, I., & Van den Bergh, O. (2018). Sensory and affective components of symptom perception: a psychometric approach. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 9, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.059716.
Wang, Y. P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516- 4446-2012-1048.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
Watson, D., Levin-Aspenson, H. F., Waszczuk, M. A., Conway, C. C., Dalgleish, T., Dretsch, M. N., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Hobbs, K. A., Michelini, G., Nelson, B. D., Sellbom, M., Slade, T., South, S. C., Sunderland, M., Waldman, I., Witthöft, M., Wright, A. G. C., ... Krueger, R. F. (2022). Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum. World Psychiatry, 21, 26–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20943.
Weiss, J. M. (1970). Somatic effects of predictable and unpredictable shock. Psychosomatic Medicine, 32, 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197 007000-00008.
Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005- 7967(03)00147-5.
Wilkinson, E. J., & Chamove, A. S. (1992). Anxiety and desire for control. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 21, 71–73.
Wilson, E. J., Stapinski, L., Dueber, D. M., Rapee, R. M., Burton, A. L., & Abbott, M. J. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 in generalized anxiety disorder: Assessment of factor structure, measurement properties and clinical utility. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 76, 102309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020. 102309.
Wolfe, F., Clauw, D. J., Fitzcharles, M. A., Goldenberg, D. L., Katz, R. S., Mease, P., Russell, A. S., Russell, I. J., Winfield, J. B., & Yunus, M. B. (2010). The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care & Research, 62, 600–610. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20140.
Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., Lejuez, C. W., Hopko, D. R., & Forsyth, J. P. (2000a). Assessing the perceived predictability of anxiety-related events: a report on the perceived predictability index. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31, 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005- 7916(01)00006-4.
Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C. W., & Eifert, G. H. (2000b). Prediction and control: Operational definitions for the experimental analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 653–663. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00090-x.
