Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukowePerception of purpose and parental involvement in competitive youth sport
Słowa kluczowe:
parent-athlete relationships, participation motivation, competitive sportsAbstrakt
Background
Because of the various demanding investments, parents develop various expectations regarding their children’s sport experience. The purposes of this study were twofold: (a) to determine whether there is a discrepancy between parents and athletes in terms of perception of purpose for engaging in youth sport, and (b) to explore whether the reported discrepancies impact parental involvement.
Participants and procedure
Participants included 25 club level athletes (19 girls, 6 boys), ages 13-17 (M = 14.96 years, SD = 1.49 years), and 24 parents (18 women, 6 men) of these athletes, ages 39-55 (M = 48.26 years, SD = 4.44 years) from both individual and team sports. Parents and athletes completed their respective versions of both the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) and Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire (PISQ). Optional individual interviews with 12 athletes and 12 parents were then conducted to further triangulate perceptions of purpose and parental involvement in youth sport.
Results
Findings included four statistically significant negative correlations between the PMQ and PISQ, as well as a statistically significant discrepancy between parents and athletes on one subscale of the PMQ (p = .026). Also, statistically significant discrepancies were found between perceived and desired levels of parental involvement on three out of four subscales of the PISQ (there are 3 exact p-values since there were significant discrepancies for 3 out of the 4 subscales. They are: Directive Behavior: p < .001, Praise and Understanding: p = .042 and Pressure: p = .025).
Conclusions
Perceptions of parental involvement between the parents and their children were not congruent. Similarly, the parents and their children perceive why an athlete participates in sport somewhat differently. If further explored, parent-athlete relations and interactions could be improved to facilitate optimal youth sport participation.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Allen, J. B. (2003). Social motivation in youth sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 551-567.
Anderson, J. C., Funk, J. B., Elliot, R., & Smith, P. H. (2003). Parental support and pressure and children’s extracurricular activities: Relationships with amount of involvement and affective experience of participation. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 241-257. DOI: 10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00046-7
Armentrout, S. M., & Kamphoff, C. S. (2011). Organizational barriers and factors that contribute to youth hockey attrition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34, 121-136.
Baker, J. (2003). Early specialization in youth sport: A requirement for adult expertise? High Ability Studies, 14, 85-94. DOI: 10.1080/13598130304091
Bender, R., & Lange, S. (2001). Adjusting for multiple testing – when and how? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54, 343-349.
Brown, B. A., Frankel, B. G., & Fennell, M. P. (1989). Hugs or shrugs: Parental and peer influence on continuity of involvement in sport by female adolescents. Sex Roles, 20, 397-409. DOI: 10.1007/BF00287999
Buonamano, R., Cei, A., & Mussino, A. (1995). Participation motivation in Italian youth sport. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 265-281.
Coakley, J. (1992). Burnout among adolescent athletes: A personal failure or social problem? Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 271-285.
Culver, D. M., Gilbert, W. D., & Trudel, P. (2003). A decade of qualitative research in sport psychology journals: 1990-1999. The Sport Psychologist, 17, 1-15.
Duda, J. L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 318-335.
Ede, S., Kamphoff, C. S., Mackey, T., & Armentrout, S. M. (2012). Youth hockey athletes’ perceptions of parental involvement: They want more. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35, 3-18.
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62, 107-115. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x.
Engh, F. (2002). Why Johnny hates sports: Why organized youth sports are failing our children and what we can do about it. Garden City Park, NY: Square One.
Ewing, M. E., & Seefeldt, V. (1996). Patterns of participation and attrition in American agency sponsored youth sports. In: F. L. Smoll, & R. E. Smith (eds.), Children and youth in sport: A biopsychosocial perspective (pp. 31-45). Dubuque, IA: Brown & Benchmark.
Fredericks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2004). Parental influences on youth involvement in sports. In: M. R. Weiss (ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 145-164). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Fredericks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Family socialization, gender, and sport motivation and involvement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 3-31.
Fry, M. D., & Duda, J. L. (1997). A developmental examination of children’s understanding of effort and ability in the physical and academic domains. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68, 331-344.
Giacobbi, P. R., Poczwardowski, A., & Hager, P. (2005). A pragmatic research philosophy for sport and exercise psychology. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 18-31.
Gill, D. L., Gross, J. B., & Huddleston, S. (1983). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 14, 1-14.
Green, B. C., & Chalip, L. (1997). Enduring involvement in youth soccer: The socialization of parent and child. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 61-77.
Harter, S. (1978). Effectance motivation reconsidered: Toward a developmental model. Human Development, 1, 34-64. DOI: 10.1159/000271574
Harter, S. (1981). A model of intrinsic master motivation in children: Individual differences and developmental change. In: A. Collins (ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (vol. 14) (pp. 215-255). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hedstrom, R., & Gould, D. (2004). Research in youth sports: Critical issues status. East Lansing, MI: Institute for the Study of Youth Sports.
Hellstedt, J. C. (1987). The coach/parent/athlete relationship. The Sport Psychologist, 1, 151-160.
Hellstedt, J. C. (1990). Early adolescent perceptions of parental pressure in the sport environment. Journal of Sport Behavior, 13, 135-144.
Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Black, D. E., Sehn, Z. L., & Wall, M. P. (2008). Parental involvement in competitive youth sport settings. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 663-685. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.001
Hutchinson, S. L., Baldwin, C. K., & Caldwell, L. L. (2003). Differentiating parent practices related to adolescent behavior in the free time context. Journal of Leisure Research, 35, 396-422.
Kanters, M. A., & Casper, J. (2008). Supported or pressured? An examination of agreement among parents and children on parent’s role in youth sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 3, 64-80.
Kidman, L., McKenzie, A., & McKenzie, B. (1999). The nature and target of parents’ comments during youth sport competitions. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 54-68.
Lerner, R. M., Brown, J. D., & Kier, C. (2005). Adolescence: Development, diversity, context, and application. Canadian Edition. Toronto: Pearson.
Lee, M. J., & MacLean, S. (1997). Sources of parental pressure among age group swimmers. European Journal of Physical Education, 2, 167-177.
Miller, A. (1981). The drama of the gifted child. New York: Basic Books.
Salmela, J. H. (1994). Phases and transitions across sport careers. In: D. Hackfort (ed.), Psycho-social issues and interventions in elite sports (pp. 11-28). Frankfurt: Lang.
Scanlan, T. K., & Lewthwaite, R. (1984). Social psychological aspects of competition for male youth sport participants: Predictors of competitive stress. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 208-226.
Scott, J. (1997). Children as respondents: Methods for improving data quality. In: L. Lyberg, P. Biemer, M. Collins, C. Dippo, N. Schwarz, & D. Trewin (eds.), Survey measurement and process quality (pp. 331-352). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sirard, J. R., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Pate, R. R. (2006). Motivational factors associated with sports program participation in middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 696-703. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.07.013
Skille, E., & Osteras, J. (2011). What does sport mean to you? Fun and other preferences for adolescents’ sport participation. Critical Public Health, 21, 359-372. DOI: 10.1080/09581591003797111
Trembath, E. M., Szabo, A., & Baxter, M. J. (2002). Participation motives in leisure center physical activities. Athletic Insight, 4, 28-41.
Ulrich-French, S., & Smith, A. L. (2006). Perceptions of relationships with parents and peers in youth sport: Independent and combined prediction of motivational outcomes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 193-214. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.08.006
Welk, G. J., Babkes, M. L., & Schaben, J. A. (2004). Parental influences on youth sport participation. In: M. Silva (ed.), Biosocial approach to youth sports (pp. 95-122). Coimbra, Portugal: Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education.
White, S. A., Duda, J. L., & Keller, M. R. (1998). The relationship between goal orientation and perceived purposes of sport among youth sport participants. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, 474-483.
Wuerth, S., Lee, M., & Alfermann, D. (2004). Parental involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 21-33. DOI: 10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00047-X
Wylleman, P., & Lavallee, D. (2004). A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. In: M. Weiss (ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 507-527). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Zahariadis, P. N., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2000). Goal orientation and participation motives in physical education and sport: Their relationships in English schoolchildren. Athletic Insight, 2, 1-12.
