Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweLiving with COVID-19: emotions and health during the pandemic
Słowa kluczowe:
online photovoice, young adults, COVID-19, empowerment, ItalyAbstrakt
Background:
COVID-19 has led and still leads all nations to adopt virus containment plans, considering possible strategies that help to live with the virus. The present study aimed to investigate the practical, psychological and emotional aspects of living with COVID-19.
Participants and procedure:
A total of 250 young adults (86% female), who lived in north-western Italy, took part in an online photovoice study, in re-spect of social distancing. They participated in a group discussion following the method SHOWeD. The researchers ana-lyzed the photographs along with comments and transcripts from the SHOWeD group discussions using the triangulation process of visual and textual data. The collected data were analyzed on the basis of grounded theory, with the support of the NVivo 12 software.
Results:
From the analysis of the emotions concerning the psychological health of participants, 4 categories were identified. The results reveal benefits and emotional aspects that have stimulated the increase of individual and community empower-ment. COVID-19 has led and still leads all nations to adopt virus containment plans, considering possible strategies that help to live with the virus.
Conclusions:
From the analysis of the results it emerged how the online photovoice was a tool that allowed on the one hand the sharing of experiences and emotions related to living with COVID-19 and on the other hand to maintain social ties despite physical distance.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Aguiar-Quintana, T., Nguyen, H., Araujo-Cabrera, Y., & Sanabria-Díaz, J. M. (2021). Do job insecurity, anxiety and depression caused by the COVID-19 pandemic influence hotel employees’ self-rated task performance? The moderating role of employee resilience. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102868.
Al-Dwaikat, T. N., Aldalaykeh, M., Ta’an, W., & Rababa, M. (2020). The relationship between social networking sites usage and psychological distress among undergraduate students during COVID-19 lockdown. Heliyon, 6, e05695. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05695.
Ashmawy, I. K. I. M. (2021). Stakeholder involvement in community resilience: Evidence from Egypt. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 7996– 8011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00894-9.
Barello, S., Palamenghi, L., & Graffigna, G. (2020). Burnout and somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research,290, 113129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129.
Bendau, A., Petzold, M. B., Pyrkosch, L., Mascarell Maricic, L., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J., Große, J., Ströhle, A., & Plag, J. (2021). Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 271, 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406- 020-01171-6.
Bhutani, S., & Greenwald, B. (2021). Loneliness in the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic: a literature review in preparation for a future study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29, S87– S88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.01.081.
Bourgault, S., Peterman, A., & O’Donnell, M. (2021). Violence against women and children during COVID-19 – one years on and 100 papers in: a fourth research round up. Center for Global Development. Retrieved from https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/vawc-fourth-roundup.pdf.
Boylan, J., Seli, P., Scholer, A. A., & Danckert, J. (2021). Boredom in the COVID-19 pandemic: Trait boredom proneness, the desire to act, and rule-breaking. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110387.
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2020a). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 395, 507–513. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
Chen, Y., Zhou, H., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, F. (2020b). Prevalence of self-reported depression and anxiety among pediatric medical staff members during the COVID-19 outbreak in Guiyang, China. Psychiatry Research, 288, 113005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. psychres.2020.113005.
Chevalier, J. M., & Buckles, D. (2013). Participatory action research: Theory and methods for engaged inquiry. Routledge. Ciolan, L., & Manasia, L. (2017). Reframing photovoice to boost its potential for learning research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917702909.
Coemans, S., Wang, Q., Leysen, J., & Hannes, K. (2015). The use of arts-based methods in community-based research with vulnerable populations: Protocol for a scoping review. International Journal of Educational Research, 71, 33–39. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijer.2015.02.008.
Crocq, L., Doutheau, C., & Sailhan, M. (1987). Le reactions émotionnelles dans les catastrophes [Emotional reactions in disasters]. Encyclopédie MédicoChirurgicale – Psychiatrie, 63, 300–314.
Eden, C., & Ackermann, F. (2018). Theory into practice, practice to theory: Action research in method development. European Journal of Operational Research, 271, 1145–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ejor.2018.05.061.
Frankenberg, E., Nobles, J., & Sumantri, C. (2012). Community destruction and traumatic stress in post-tsunami Indonesia. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53, 498–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0022146512456207.
Freire, P. (1973). Education for critical consciousness. Continuum. Frisby, W., Reid, C., Millar, S., & Hoeber, L. (2005). Putting “participatory” into participatory forms of action research. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 367–386. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.4.367.
Garfin, D. R. (2020). Technology as a coping tool during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Implications and recommendations. Stress and Health, 36, 555–559. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2975.
Giri, S. P., & Maurya, A. K. (2021). A neglected reality of mass media during COVID-19: Effect of pandemic news on individual’s positive and negative emotion and psychological resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 180, 110962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110962.
Giusti, E. M., Pedroli, E., D’Aniello, G. E., Stramba Badiale, C., Pietrabissa, G., Manna, C., Stramba Badiale, M., Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on health professionals: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1684. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01684.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine de Gruyter. Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., & Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ, 368, m1211. https://doi. org/10.1136/bmj.m1211.
Greyling, T., Rossouw, S., & Adhikari, T. (2021). The good, the bad and the ugly of lockdowns during COVID-19. PloS One, 16, e0245546. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245546.
Heidinger, T., & Richter, L. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on loneliness in the elderly. An empirical comparison of pre-and peri-pandemic loneliness in community-dwelling elderly. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 585308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585308.
Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective trauma and the social construction of meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441.
Joob, B., & Wiwanitkit, V. (2020). COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 82, e177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.036.
Keremane, G. B., & McKay, J. (2011). Using PhotoStory to capture irrigators’ emotions about water policy and sustainable development objectives: a case study in rural Australia. Action Research, 9, 405– 425. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750311409598.
Kuno, T., Takahashi, M., Obata, R., & Maeda, T. (2020). Cardiovascular comorbidities, cardiac injury, and prognosis of COVID-19 in New York City. American Heart Journal, 226, 24–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2020.05.005.
Liebenberg, L. (2018). Thinking critically about photovoice: Achieving empowerment and social change. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17, 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918757631.
López, C. C. (2011). The struggle for wholeness: Addressing individual and collective trauma in violence-ridden societies. Explore, 7, 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2011.06.001.
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhan, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Chen, J., … Tan, W. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 395, 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
Manasia, L. (2017). From community to individual. Re-thinking photovoice methodology for education research. European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 23, 450–459. https://doi.org/10.15405/EPSBS.2017.05.02.55.
Mannarini, T. (2020). Community matters. In P. Ellerani & S. Cristante (Eds.), Le Scienze Umane alla prova della distanza sociale [Human sciences to the test of social distance] (pp. 45–52). University of Salento.
Matsuo, T., Kobayashi, D., Taki, F., Sakamoto, F., Uehara, Y., Mori, N., & Fukui, T. (2020). Prevalence of health care worker burnout during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Japan. JAMA Network Open, 3, e2017271. https://doi. org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17271.
Micieli-Voutsinas, J. (2017). An absent presence: Affective heritage at the National September 11th Memorial and Museum. Space and Society, 24, 93– 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EMOSPA.2016.09.005.
Morgan, V. S., Nookemis, B., & Castleden, H. (2020). Photovoice. In A. Kobayashi (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (2nd ed., pp. 103–111). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0- 08-102295-5.10851-0.
Numans, W., Van Regenmortel, T., & Schalk, R. (2019). Partnership research: a pathway to realize multistakeholder participation. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919884149.
Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Ring, L., Bodner, E., Avidor, S., Bergman, Y., Cohen-Fridel, S., Keisari, S., & Hoffman, Y. (2020). The loneliness pandemic: Loneliness and other concomitants of depression, anxiety and their comorbidity during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 109– 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.03.6
Rania, N., & Coppola, I. (2021). Psychological impact of the lockdown in Italy due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Are there gender differences? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 567470. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.567470.
Rania, N., Coppola, I., Lagomarsino, F., & Rosa, P. (2020). Lockdown e ruoli di genere: differenze e conflitti ai tempi del Covid-19 in ambito domestico [Lockdown and gender roles: Differences and conflicts at home during the COVID-19 pandemic]. La Camera Blu, 22. https://doi.org/10.6092/1827- 9198/6813.
Rania, N., Coppola, I., Martorana, F., & Migliorini, L. (2019). The collapse of the Morandi Bridge in Genoa on 14 August 2018: a collective traumatic event and its emotional impact linked to the place and loss of a symbol. Sustainability, 11, 6822. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236822.
Rania, N., Migliorini, L., & Rebora, S. (2017). Reflections on teaching qualitative methods using teambased learning: an exemplification by photovoice. The Qualitative Report, 22, 2006–2016. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2017.2377.
Rania, N., Migliorini, L., Cardinali, P., & Rebora, S. (2015a). Giving a face to immigration and integration processes: The use of photovoice with Italian young adults. The Qualitative Report, 20, 780–798. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2154.
Rania, N., Migliorini, L., Rebora, S., & Cardinali, P. (2015b). Photovoice and interpretation of pictures in a group discussion: a community psychology approach. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12, 382– 396. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2015.1019597.
Rania, N., Migliorini, L., Rebora, S., & Cardinali, P. (2014). Enhancing critical dialogue about intercultural integration: The photovoice technique. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 41, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.06.006.
Riegler, R. L., Raj, S. P., Moscato, E. L., Narad, M. E., Kincaid, A., & Wade, S. L. (2020). Pilot trial of a telepsychotherapy parenting skills intervention for veteran families: Implications for managing parenting stress during COVID-19. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30, 290–303. https://doi. org/10.1037/int0000220.
Rubin, O., Nikolaeva, A., Nello-Deakin, S., & Brömmelstroet, M. (2020). What can we learn from the COVID-19 pandemic about how people experience working from home and commuting? Centre for Urban Studies, University of Amsterdam. Retrieved from https://urbanstudies.uva.nl/content/blog-series/covid-19-pandemic-working-from-home-andcommuting.html.
Saita, E., & Tramontano, M. (2018). Navigating the complexity of the therapeutic and clinical use of photography in psychosocial settings: a review of the literature. Research in Psychotherapy, 21, 293. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2018.293.
Saja, A. M., Teo, M., Goonetilleke, A., & Ziyath, A. M. (2018). An inclusive and adaptive framework for measuring social resilience to disasters. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 28, 862– 873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.004.
Simmonds, S., Roux, C., & ter Avest, I. (2015). Blurring the boundaries between photovoice and narrative inquiry: a narrative-photovoice methodology for gender-based research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14, 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691501400303.
Smith, D. (1987). The everyday world as problematic: a feminist sociology. University of Toronto Press. Spence, J. (1995). Cultural sniping: The art of transgression. Routledge.
Tull, M. T., Edmonds, K. A., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L. (2020). Psychological outcomes associated with stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113098. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113098.
Uhrig, M. K., Trautmann, N., Baumgärtner, U., Treede, R. D., Henrich, F., Hiller, W., & Marschall, S. (2016). Emotion elicitation: a comparison of pictures and films. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 180. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00180.
Viola, T. W., & Nunes, M. L. (2022). Social and environmental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children. Jornal de Pediatria, 98, S4–S12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2021.08.00.3
Wang, C. (2006). Youth participation in photovoice as a strategy for community change. Journal of Community Practice, 14, 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1300/J125V14N01_09.
Wang, C., & Burris, M. A. (1994). Empowerment through Photo Novella: Portraits of participation. Health Education Quarterly, 21, 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819402100204.
Wang, W., Wu, X., Liu, A., & Lan, X. (2020). Moderating role of social support in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and antisocial behavior in adolescents after the Ya’an earthquake. PsyCh Journal, 9, 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.343.
Wanigasooriya, K., Palimar, P., Naumann, D. N., Ismail, K., Fellows, J. L., Logan, P., Thompson, C. V., Bermingham, H., Beggs, A. D., & Ismail, T. (2020). Mental health symptoms in a cohort of hospital healthcare workers following the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. BJPsych Open, 7, e24. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.150.
Wen, F. F., Zhu, J. L., Ye, H. X., Li, L. Y., Ma, Z., Wen, X. X., & Zuo, B. (2021). Associations between insecurity and stress among Chinese university students: The mediating effects of hope and selfefficacy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 447– 453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.047.
Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., Liu, S., Zhao, P., Liu, H., Zhu, L., Tai, Y., Bai, C., Gao, T., Song, J., Xia, P., Dong, J., Zhao, J., & Wang, F. S. (2020). Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 8, 420–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X.
Yang, H., & Ma, J. (2020). How an epidemic outbreak impacts happiness: Factors that worsen (vs. protect) emotional well-being during the coronavirus pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113045. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113045.
