Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweImproving mental health in families with autistic children: benefits of using video feedback in parent counselling sessions offered alongside music therapy
Słowa kluczowe:
music therapy, autism, parent counselling, video feedback, emotional wellbeingAbstrakt
Background
This paper explores benefits of parent counselling offered alongside music therapy with children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Research studies have shown that the stress levels of primary caregivers of children with ASD are not only higher than in the general population but also higher than in parents of children with other developmental disabilities. It is therefore recommended that music therapists working with children with ASD also engage and support their parents.
Participants and procedure
In the international randomised controlled trial TIME-A, which investigates the effects of music therapy on the social communicative skills of autistic children, participating families are offered three parent counselling sessions. For this paper, 68 counselling sessions with 25 families were evaluated; 14 sessions were transcribed and subjected to a content analysis. Case examples illustrate the impact of concomitant parent counselling sessions on the families.
Results
The analysis generated emerging themes that were grouped into two categories: 1) Non-music therapy specific themes, and 2) Music therapy specific themes. The first category comprised four sub-groups: Exchange of information, Experiences with professionals/friends/society, Worries about the future, Personal/matrimonial problems. Music therapy specific themes were subdivided into the following groups: Working in a partnership, Empowering parents, Celebrating strengths, Rejoicing in child’s enjoyment. Challenges caused by the dual roles of music therapist and parent counsellor were outweighed by the benefits. In addition to the therapeutic effect of counselling, video material from the music therapy sessions helped carers to see their children’s strengths, to gain new ideas, and to develop a more positive outlook.
Conclusions
The findings support the provision of parent counselling sessions alongside music therapy for children with ASD. This study highlights that extending the role of the music therapist and using video feedback offers encouraging possibilities to further support the wellbeing of the whole family.
Downloads
Bibliografia
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet, 368, 210–215. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7
Boyd, B. A. (2002). Examining the relationship between stress and lack of social support in mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 209–215. doi: 10.1177/10883576020170040301
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101.
Brooks, R., & Goldstein, S. (2012). Raising resilient children with autism spectrum disorders. Strategies for maximizing their strengths, coping with adversity, and developing a social mindset. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brugha, T., Cooper, S. A., McManus, S., Purdon, S., Scott, F. J., Spiers, N., & Tyrer, F. (2012). Estimating the prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in adults: extending the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Leeds: The NHS Information Centre.
Bull, R. (2008). Autism and the family: group music therapy with mothers and children. In A. Oldfield & C. Flower (eds.), Music therapy with children and their families (pp. 71–87). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Chazan, S. E. (2003). Simultaneous treatment of parent and child. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2005). Social Responsiveness Scale: Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of preschool children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 266–280. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01258.x
Davis, H. (1993). Counselling parents of children with chronic illness or disability. Leicester: BPS Books.
Drake, T. (2008). Back to basics. Community-based music therapy for vulnerable young children and their parents. In A. Oldfield & C. Flower (eds.), Music therapy with children and their families (pp. 37–51). Jessica Kingsley Publishers: London and Philadelphia.
Drake, T. (2011). Becoming in tune: The use of music therapy to assist the developing bond between traumatized children and their new adoptive parents. In J. Edwards (ed.), Music therapy and parent- infant bonding (pp. 22–41). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Estes, A., Munson, J., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X. H., & Abbott, R. (2009). Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism, 13, 375–387. doi: 10.1177/1362361309105658
Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y., Birditt, K., & Zarit, S. (2012). Only as happy as the least happy child: multiple grown children’s problems and successes and middle-aged parents’ well-being. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67B, 184–193. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr086
Flower, C. (2008). Living with dying: reflections on family music therapy with children near the end of life. In A. Oldfield & C. Flower (eds.), Music therapy with children and their families (pp. 177–189). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Fukkink, R. G. (2008). Video feedback in widescreen: A meta-analysis of family programs. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 904–916. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.003
Geretsegger, M., Holck, U., & Gold, C. (2012). Randomised controlled trial of music therapy’s effectiveness for children with autism spectrum disorders (TIME-A): study protocol. BMC Pediatrics, 12,2. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-2
Gottfried, T. (2016). Creating bridges: Music-Oriented Counseling for Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Doctoral Study. Unpublished. Derived from: http://www.mt-phd.aau.dk/organisation/current/tali_gottfried/
Greeff, A. P., & Van der Walt, K. (2010). Resilience in families with an autistic child. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45, 347–355.
Grogan, K., & Knak, D. (2002). A children’s group. An exploration of the framework necessary for therapeutic work. In A. Davies & E. Richards (eds.), Music therapy and group work. Sound company (pp. 202–215). Jessica Kingsley Publishers: London and Philadelphia.
Holmes, J., Oldfield, A., & Polichroniadis (eds.). (2011). Creating change for complex children and their families. A multi-disciplinary approach to multi-family work. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Horvat, J., & O’Neill, N. (2008). ‘Who is the Therapy For?’: Involving a parent or carer in their child’s music therapy. In A. Oldfield & C. Flower (eds.), Music therapy with children and their families (pp. 89–102). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Khanna, R., Madhavan, S. S., Smith, M. J., Patrick, J. H., Tworek, C., & Becker-Cottrill, B. (2011). Assessment of health-related quality of life among primary caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1214–1227. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1140-6
Levinge, A. (2011). ‘The first time ever I saw your face...’: Music therapy for depressed mothers and their infants. In J. Edwards (ed.), Music therapy and parent-infant bonding (pp. 42–57). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Loth, H. (2008). Music therapy groups for families with a learning-disabled toddler: bridging some gaps. In A. Oldfield & C. Flower (eds.), Music therapy with children and their families (pp. 53–69). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Lovell, B., Moss, M., & Wetherell, M. (2012). The psychosocial, endocrine and immune consequences of caring for a child with autism or ADHD. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 534–542. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.08.003
Malloch, S. (1999). Mothers and infants and communicative musicality. Musicae Scientiae, 3 (Suppl 1), 29–57. doi: 10.1177/10298649000030S104
Oldfield, A. (2006). Interactive music therapy – a positive approach: music therapy at a child development centre. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Oldfield, A. (2008). Working in partnership and supporting parents: music therapy for pre-school children and their parents at a child development centre. In A. Oldfield & C. Flower (eds.), Music therapy with children and their families (pp. 19–36). London: Jessica Kingsley.
Oldfield, A. (2011). Parents’ perceptions of being in music therapy sessions with their children: What is our role as music therapists with parents? In J. Edwards (ed.), Music Therapy and Parent-Infant Bonding (pp. 58–72). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oldfield, A., & Bunce, L. (2001). ‘Mummy can play too...’ Short-term music therapy with mothers and young children. British Journal of Music Therapy, 15, 27–36.
Oldfield, A., & Flower, C. (2008). Music therapy with children and their families. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Papousek, M. (1996). Intuitive parenting: a hidden source of musical stimulation in infancy. In I. Deliege & J. Sloboda (eds.), Musical beginnings: origins and development of musical competence (pp. 88–112). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pelham, G., & Stacey, J. (1999). Counselling skills for creative arts therapists. Bodmin: Worth Publishing.
Poslawsky, I. E., Naber, F. B., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Daalen, E., van Engeland, H., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2015). Video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting adapted to autism (VIPP-AUTI): a randomized controlled trial. Autism, 19, 588–603. doi: 10.1177/1362361314537124
Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered therapy: its current practice, implications and theory. London: Constable.
Rogers, C. (1961). On becoming a person: a therapist’s view of psychotherapy. London: Constable.
Schieve, L. A., Blumberg, S. J., Rice, C., Visser, S. N., & Boyle, C. (2007). The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics, 119, 114–121. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-2089Q
Schwartzberg, E. T., & Silverman, M. J. (2016). Parent perceptions of music therapy in an on-campus clinic for children with autism spectrum disorder. Musicae Scientiae. doi: 10.1177/1029864916644420
Thompson, G., McFerran, K., & Gold, C. (2014). Family-centred music therapy to promote social engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40, 840–852. doi: 10.1111/cch.12121
