Psycho-physiological mechanism of energy transfer in the human body: myth or reality?
Słowa kluczowe:
health psychology, energy transfer system (ETS), psychopsychological functioning, Vietnamese martial art schooAbstrakt
The authors consider the existence of an energy transfer system (ETS) in the human body and its consequences for health, performing a review of the available literature and studies. The article is an attempt to describe the possible psychophysiological mechanism of ETS (i.e. mechanism of transmission of stimuli in connective tissue) based on biochemical reactions, which was first described in Eastern Medicine a long time ago. Some previously reported results suggest that it is possible to modulate the psychophysiological effects on the connective tissue, and that the internal ETS can be activated not only through internal acupoints but also through breath self-regulation techniques. Among the people specialized in such breathing are martial art fighters. In a very preliminary pilot study we investigate four cases in a Vietnamese Thiên Môn Đạo (TMD) group, where breathing techniques result in cardiovascular and blood pressure changes, which can indirectly suggest activation of ETS. An additional energy system in the human body is postulated. However, future research is seriously needed. Findings could be applicable e.g. in cardiac rehabilitation programs.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Bower, J. E., & Irwin, M. R. (2016). Mind-body therapies and control of inflammatory biology: a descriptive review. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 51, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.012
Chikly, B., Roberts, P., & Quaghebeur, J. (2016). Primo vascular system: a unique biological system shifting a medical paradigm. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 116, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2016.002
Dada, R., Kumar, S. B., Chawla, B., Bisht, S., & Khan, B. (2016). Oxidative stress induced damage to the paternal genome and impact of meditation and yoga on incidence of childhood cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 17, 4517–4525.
Darras, J. C., de Vernejoul, P., & Albarede, P. (1992). Nuclear medicine and acupuncture: A study on the migration of radioactive tracers after injection at acupoints. American Journal of Acupuncture, 20, 243–256.
Dorfer, L., Moser, M., Spinder, K., Bahr, F., EgarterVigl, E., & Dohr, G. (1998). 5200-year-old acupuncture in Central Europe? Science, 282, 242–243. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5387.239f
Gajewski, M., Laskowska-Bożek, H., Maśliński, S., & Ryżewski, J. (1991). Increase in the expression of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in isolated, neonatal rat cardiac myocytes treated with potassium cyanide. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 38, 61–65.
Gajewski, M., Laskowska-Bożek, H., Moutiris, J., Maśliński, S., & Ryżewski, J. (1993). Enhanced responsiveness of rat cardiac myocytes to muscarinic cholinergic stimulation during chemicallyinduced hypoxia. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 53, 79–91.
Gajewski, M., & Maśliński, S. (2012). Is connective tissue the fourth system regulating the body’s energy homeostasis?Reumatologia/Rheumatology, 50, 187–192.
Gajewski, M., Maślinski, S., Rzodkiewicz, P., & Wojtecka-Łukasik, E. (2013). Gas-therapy in rheumatoid arthritis treatment: When West meets East – actual medical concepts with ancient world ideas. In H. Matsuno (Ed.), Innovative Rheumatology (pp. 189–213). London: IntechOpen.
Gajewski, M., Szczepanik, S., Wysocki, Ł., Sygitowicz, G., Gajewska, J., Pachecka, J., & Maśliński, S. (2006). Connective tissue as the fourth system regulating homeostasis (in polish). Życie Weterynaryjne, 81, 519–529.
Hui, B., Pei-Jing, R., & Liang, L. I. (2010). Effects of different acupuncture stimulation on NO content in acupoints areas. Journal of Traditional Chinese medicine, 30, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(10)60008-8
Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., Breen, E. C., Witarama, T., Carrillo, C., Sadeghi, N., Arevalo, J. M., Ma, J., Nicassio, P., Bootzin, R., & Cole, S. (2015). Cognitive behavioural therapy and tai chi reverse cellular and genomic markers of inflammation in late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry, 78, 721–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.010
Kataoka, Y., Cui, Y., Yamagata, A., Niigaki, M., Hirohata, T., Oishi, N., & Watanabe, Y. (2001). Activitydependent neural tissue oxidation emits intrinsic ultraweak photons. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 285, 1007–1011. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.5285
Khattab, K., Khattab, A. A., Ortak, J., Richardt, G., & Bonnemeier, H. (2007). Iyengar yoga increases cardiac parasympathetic nervous modulation among healthy yoga practitioners. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4, 511–517. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem087
Kobayashi, M., Kikuchi, D., & Okamura, H. (2009). Imaging of ultraweak spontaneous photon emission from human body displaying diurnal rhythm. PLoS One, 4, e6256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006256
Kobayashi, M., Takeda, M., Sato, T., Yamazaki, Y., Kaneko, K., Ito, K., Kato, H., & Inaba, H. (1999). In vivo imaging of spontaneous ultraweak photon emission from a rat’s brain correlated with cerebral Energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Neuroscience Research, 34, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(99)00040-1
Kumar, S. B., Yadav, R., Yadav, R. K., Tolahunase, M., & Dada, R. (2015). Telomerase activity and cellular aging might be positively modified by a Yogabased lifestyle intervention. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21, 370–372. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0298
Langevin, H. M., Churchill, D. L., & Cipolla, M. J. (2001). Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. FASEB Journal, 15, 2275–2282. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0015hyp
Langevin, H. M., & Yandow, J. A. (2002). Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes. Anatomical Record, 269, 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.10185
Lee, M. S., Lee, Y. H., Shin, B. C., Jeong, D. M., Kim, M. K., Eo, Y. G., & Ko, S. B. (2005). Is there any energy transfer during acupuncture? American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 33, 507–512. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X05003107
Lee, C., Seol, S. K., Lee, B. C., Hong, Y. K., Je, J. H., & Soh, K. S. (2006). Alcian blue staining method to visualize bonghan threads inside large caliber lymphatic vessels and x-ray microtomography to reveal their microchannels. Lymphatic Research and Biology, 4, 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2006.4402
Lee, C., Yang, J. M., Yi, S. H., Cho, H. J., Kang, M. J., Yang, J. S., & Soh, K. H. (2004). Biophoton emission from patients with a cold. Journal of International Society of Life Information Science, 22, 362–365.
Ma, S. X., Li, X. Y., Sakurai, T., & Pandjaitan, M. (2007). Evidence of enhanced non-enzymatic generation of nitric oxide on the skin surface of acupuncture points: an innovative approach in humans. Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry, 17, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2007.05.004
Maśliński, S., & Ryżewski, J. (Eds.) (2009). Patofizjologia. Podręcznik dla studentów medycyny [Pathophysiology. Handbook for students of medicine]. Warszawa: PZWL Wydawnictwo Lekarskie.
Mustafa, A. K., Gadalla, M. M., & Snyder, S. H. (2009). Signaling by gasotransmitters. Science Signaling, 2, re2. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.268re2.
Niggli, H. J., Tudisco, S., Privitera, G., Applegate, L. E., Scordino, A., & Musumeci. F. (2005). Laser-ultraviolet-A-induced ultraweak photon emission in mammalian cells. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 10, 024006. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1899185
Oke, S. L., & Tracey, K. J. (2009). The inflammatory reflex and the role of complementary and alternative medical therapies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1172, 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1393.013
Pavlov, V. A., & Tracey, K. J. (2012). The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex – linking immunity and metabolism. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 8, 743–754. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.189
Revsbech, I. G., Shen, X., Chakravarti, R., Jensen, B. J., Thiel, B., Evans, A. L., Kindberg J., Frobert, O., Stuehr, D. J., Kevil, C., & Fago, A. (2014). Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide metabolites in the blood of free-ranging brown bears and their potential roles in hibernation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 73, 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.025
Różycka, J., & Tran, A. Q. (2012). Effect of self-regulation techniques on psychophysical processes. Research in Thien Mon Dao martial art school (in Polish). Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, 1, 69–83.
Różycka-Tran, J., & Tran, A. Q. (2014). Self-regulation techniques in Vietnamese Zen Truc Lam monastery. Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, 6, 123–133.
Schutgens, F. W. G., Neogi, P., van Wijk, E. P. A., van Wijk, R., Wikman, G., & Wiegant F. A. C. (2009). The influence of adaptogens on ultraweak biophoton emission: a pilot-experiment. Phytotherapy Research, 23, 1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2753
Singh, V. P., Khandelwal, B., & Sherpa, N. T. (2015). Psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune mechanisms of action of yoga in type II diabetes. Ancient Science of Life, 35, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.165623
Slawinski J. (2005). Photon emission from perturbed and dying organisms: biomedical perspetives. Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde, 12, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1159/000083971
Soh, K. S. (2004). Bonghan duct and acupuncture meridian as optical channel of biophoton. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 45, 1196–1198.
Stefanov, M. (2012). Critical review and comments on B. H. Kim’s work on the primo vascular system. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 5, 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2012.07.008
Stefanov, M., & Kim, J. (2012). Primo vascular system as a new morphofunctional integrated system. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 5, 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2012.07.001
Stefanov, M., Potroz, M., Kim, J., Lim, J., Cha, R., & Nam, M. H. (2013). The primo vascular system as a new anatomical system. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 6, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.10.001
Sun, Y., Wang, C., & Dai, J. (2010). Biophotons as a neural communication signals demonstrated by in situ biophoton autography. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 9, 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00125e
Szabo, C. (2010). Gaseotransmitters: new frontiers for translational science. Science Translational Medicine, 2, 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3000721
Takewaki, M., Harris, M., Uemura, K., Ueno, T., Hoshino, E., Shiotani, A., Pappas, T. N., & Takahashi T. (2003). Dual effects of acupuncture on gastric motility in conscious rats. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 285, 862–872. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00715.2002
Takewaki, M., Strickland, C., Fukuda, H., Tsuchida, D., Hoshino, E., Pappas, T. N., & Takahashi, T. (2005). Effects of acupuncture on vasopressin-induced emesis in conscious dogs. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 288, 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00344.2004
Tracey, K. J. (2009). Reflex control of immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology, 9, 418–428. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2566
Unger, T., Paulis, L., & Sica, D. A. (2011). Therapeutic perspectives in hypertension: novel means for renin-angiotensin aldosterone system modulation and emerging device-based approaches. European Heart Journal, 32, 2739–2747. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr253
van Wijk, E. P. A., Koch, H., Bosman, S., & van Wijk, R. (2006). Anatomic characterization of human ultraweak photon emission in practitioners of transcendental meditation (TM) and control subjects. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 12, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.12.31
Vijayaraghava, A., Doreswamy, V., Narasipur, O.S., Kunnavil, R., & Srinivasamurthy, N. (2015). Effect of yoga practice on levels of inflammatory markers after moderate and strenuous exercise. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9, CC08–CC12. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/12851.6021
Vinay, A. V., Venkatesh, D., & Ambarish, V. (2016). Impact of short-term-practice of yoga on heart rate variability. International Journal of Yoga, 9, 62–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.171714
Wanga, Z., Wanga, N., Lia, Z., Xiaoa, F., & Daia, J. (2016). Human high intelligence is involved in spectral redshift of biophotonic activities in the brain. PNAS, 113, 8753–8758. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604855113
Włodarski, J., & Stankiewicz, J. (2012). “Boxing from Putna” as martial art. Practical meaning of the style in the period of the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions in China (in polish). Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, 2, 12–28.