Being vaccinated for love or despite fear of vaccination? The influence of priming on vaccination intention among young French people
Keywords:
love, fear of vaccination, COVID-19, vaccination intentionAbstract
Background
In France, despite fear-based communication by the authorities and the media, vaccination against COVID-19 has received little support from the population. For a young population often convinced that severe forms of the disease affect older people, we hypothesized that communication based on the idea of love would be more effective than communication based on fear of vaccination.
Participants and procedure
In a convenience online French sample (N = 480, Mage = 19.4), vaccination intention was asked after fear priming, love priming, no love/prejudice priming, or a control condition. Participants also reported their fear of vaccination against COVID-19, and the recommendation they would make regarding vaccination of a loved/unloved person.
Results
Vaccination intention was higher in the love condition than in the fear and no love/prejudice conditions. Surprisingly, fear of vaccination was lower in participants who were presented with fear-inducing questions.
Conclusions
Implications of these results are discussed in relation to the fear of vaccination and the transpersonal value of the idea of love. The results suggest that COVID-19 is experienced as a threat both to oneself and to those one loves most. Therefore, calls for fear in the media and on social networks seem less likely to motivate a young population to vaccinate than the reminder of intense emotional ties to loved ones.
Downloads
References
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
Breakwell, G. M., & Jaspal, R. (2021). Identity change, uncertainty and mistrust in relation to fear and risk of COVID-19. Journal of Risk Research, 24, 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1864011.
Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 407–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000. tb02323.x.
Heffner, J., Vives, M. L., & Feldman Hall, O. (2021). Emotional responses to prosocial messages increase willingness to self-isolate during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110420.
IPSOS (2020). Global attitudes on a COVID-19 vaccine. Retrieved from https://www.ipsos.com/sites/ default/files/ct/news/documents/2020-12/globalattitudes-on-a-covid-19-vaccine-december-2020- report.pdf [accessed February 23, 2021].
Jordan, J., Yoeli, E., & Rand, D. (2020, April 3). Don’t get it or don’t spread it: Comparing self-interested versus prosocial motivations for COVID-19 prevention behaviors. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/ osf.io/yuq7x.
Lamy, L., Fischer-Lokou, J., & Guéguen, N. (2009). Induced reminiscence of love and chivalrous helping. Current Psychology, 28, 202–209. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12144-009-9059-9.
Lamy, L., Fischer-Lokou, J., & Guéguen, N. (2010). Valentine street promotes chivalrous helping. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 69, 167–170. https://doi. org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000019.
Lin, C. Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20.
Posner, J., Russell, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2005). The circumplex model of affect: an integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 715–734. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0954579405050340.
Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., Yu, J., & Rhodes, N. (2004). Fear appeal messages affect accessibility of attitudes toward the threat and adaptive behaviors. Communication Monographs, 71, 49-69. https://doi. org/10.1080/0363452042000228559.
Ruiter, R. A. C., Abraham, C., & Kok, G. (2001). Scary warnings and rational precautions: a review of the psychology of fear appeals. Psychology and Health, 16, 613–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 08870440108405863.
Scopelliti, M., Pacilli, M. G., & Aquino, A. (2021). TV news and COVID-19: Media influence on healthy behavior in public spaces. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041879.
Sheeran, P., & Webb, T. L. (2016). The intention-behavior gap. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10, 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12265.
Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: a meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729.