Identity and crisis in evaluation in young fathers in relation to age of the child
Słowa kluczowe:
adaptation, reliability, family resilienceAbstrakt
Background
The fact of becoming a father is related to the necessity of taking up a number of new commitments. The changes following from taking up a new social role generate much stress and can bring some identity transformations (Freudenreich, Liberska, & Miluska, 2011) and a crisis in evaluation (Trempała, 2010).
Participants and procedure
In order to characterise the structure of identity of young fathers and to determine whether they suffer from a crisis in evaluation, a study was performed on 90 men who became fathers of their first child in the period up to about half a year earlier. Techniques used in the study were: Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS), Questionnaire for Investigation of Crisis in Evaluation, and a questionnaire prepared by the author.
Results
The structure of identity of young fathers has no relation to the age of the child, at least in the first six months of the child’s life, but it is related to the crisis in evaluation.
Conclusions
According to the results, the crisis in evaluation in young fathers is of intermediate intensity and is related to the age of the child.
The study suggests a relationship between normative events related to the world of the child and a psychological crisis, involving identity and structures of values.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging Adulthood. A Theory of Development From the Late Teens Through the Twenties. American Psychological Association, 55, 469–480.
Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties (2nd ed.). Oksford: Oxford University Press.
Asenhed, L., Kilstam, J., Alehagen, S., & Baggens, C. (2014). Becoming a father is an emotional roller coaster – an analysis of first-time fathers’ blogs. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23, 1309–1317.
Bosma, H. A., & Kunnen, E. S. (2001). Determinants and mechanisms in ego identity development: A review and synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 39–66.
Bronte-Tinkew, J., Moore, K. A., Matthews, G., & Carrano, J. (2007). Symptoms of major depression in a sample of fathers of infants: Sociodemographic correlates and links to father involvement. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 61–99.
Brzezińska, A. I., & Piotrowski, K. (2009). Diagnoza statusów tożsamości w okresie adolescencji, wyłaniającej się dorosłości i wczesnej dorosłości za pomocą Skali Wymiarów Rozwoju Tożsamości (DIDS) [A diagnosis of identity status in adolescence, emerging adulthood and early adulthood using the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS)]. Studia Psychologiczne, 47, 93–109.
Brzezińska, A. I., & Piotrowski, K. (2010). Polska adaptacja Skali Wymiarów Rozwoju Tożsamości (DIDS) [Polish adaptation of Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS)]. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 15, 66–48.
Buhl, H. M., & Lanz, M. (2007). Emerging adulthood in Europe: common triats and variability across five European countries. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22, 439–443.
Buist, A., Morse, C., & Durkin, S. (2002). Men’s Adjustment to Fatherhood: Implications for Obstetric Health Care. Clinical Research, 22, 172–180.
Carlson, J., Kendall, A., & Edleson, J. L. (2015). Becoming a Good Father: The Developmental Engine of First-Time Fatherhood. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers, 3, 182–202.
Côté, J. E. (1997). An empirical test of the identity capital model. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 577–597.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity – Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton.
Freudenreich, D., Liberska, H., & Miluska, J. (2011). Man’s engagement in family life – changes and contexts. In H. Liberska (Ed.), Relations in marriage and family: genesis, quality and development (pp. 153–174). Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Gurba, E. (2011). Wczesna dorosłość [Early adulthood]. In J. Trempała (Ed.), Psychologia rozwoju człowieka [Psychology of human development]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
GUS. (2015). Projekt EUROSTATu dotyczącego dzietności, zawierania i rozpadu małżeństw oraz stanu cywilnego ludności w poszczególnych krajach Unii Europejskiej [The Eurostat project on fertility, the conclusion and dissolution of marriages and civil status of the population in the countries of the European Union]. Retrieved from http://stat.gov.pl/obszarytematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/malzenstwa-i-dzietnosc-w-polsce,23,1.html [Accessed: 2016 May 24].
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–218.
Kings, C. A., Knight, T., Rayan, D. R., & Macdonald, J. A. (2016). The ‘Sensory Deprivation Tank’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Men’s Expectations of First-Time Fatherhood. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18, 112–122.
Liberska, H. (2001). Oczekiwania dotyczące własnej osoby i przyszłego partnera małżeńskiego w przededniu dorosłości [Expectations about one’s own a person and a future marital partner on the eve of adulthood]. In H. Liberska & M. Matuszewska (Eds.), Małżeństwo: męskość-kobiecość, miłość, konflikt [Marriage: masculinity-femininity, love, conflict]. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora.
Liberska H. (2007). Współczesny obraz moratorium [The modern picture of the moratorium]. In H. Liberska & B. Harwas-Napierała (Eds.), Tożsamość a współczesność. Nowe tendencje i zagrożenia [Identity and modern times. New tendencies and threats] (pp. 25–52). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Liberska H., & Malina A. (2011). Developmental tasks of early adulthood in the light of psychology human development. In H. Liberska (Ed.), Current psychosocial problems in traditional and novel approaches (pp. 39–57). Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Berzonsky, M. (2007). Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 546–550. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.546
Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58–82.
Malina, A. (2014). Wczesna dorosłość w cyklu życia człowieka: współczesne problemy z realizacją zadań rozwojowych młodych dorosłych [Early adulthood in the life cycle of human: contemporary problems with the implementation of developmental tasks by young adults]. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo UKW.
Masłowski, A. (2007). Osobowościowe korelaty kryzysu w wartościowaniu [Personality and the crisis of evaluation]. In P. Francuz & W. Otrębski (Eds.), Studia z Psychologii w KUL [Lectures in psychology at the Catholic University of Lublin] (pp. 57–71). Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Musiał, D. (2007). Kształtowanie się tożsamości w adolescencji [Development of identity in adolescence]. In P. Francuz & W. Otrębski (Eds.), Studia z Psychologii w KUL [Lectures in psychology at the Catholic University of Lublin]. (pp. 73–92). Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network Rockville, Maryland. (2000). Factors Associated With Fathers’ Caregiving Activities and Sensitivity With Young Children. Journal of Family Psychology, 2, 200–219.
Oleś, P. (1989). Kwestionariusz do Badania Kryzysu w Wartościowaniu. Podręcznik [Value Crisis Questionnaire (VCQ). Mannual]. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne.
Päivi, F., Lea, P., & Katja, K. (2016). Identity Formation in Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study from Age 27 to 50. Identity. An International Journal of Theory and Research, 16, 8–23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2015.1121820
Planalp, E. M., & Braungart-Rieker, J. M. (2016). Determinants of Father Involvement With Young Children: Evidence From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort. Journal of Family Psychology, 1, 135–146.
Piotrowski, K. (2015). Kapitał tożsamości uczniów szkół ponadgimnazjalnych [The identity capital of post-middle school students]. Studia Psychologiczne, 53, 47–61.
Plopa M. (2011). Rodzicielstwo jako wyzwanie dla małżeństwa: perspektywa teorii systemowej [Parenting as a challenge for marriages: the prospect of systemic theory]. In H. Liberska & A. Malina (Eds.), Wybrane problemy współczesnych małżeństw i rodzin [Selected problems contemporary marriages and families]. Warszawa: Difin.
Przetacznik-Gierowska M. (2011). Zasady i prawidłowości psychicznego rozwoju człowieka [Rules and regularities of mental human development]. In M. Przetacznik-Gierowska & M. Tyszkowa (Eds.), Psychologia rozwoju człowieka [Psychology of human dvelopment] (pp. 57–84). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Rokeach, F. (1979). Understanding human values. New York: The free press.
Tremblay, S., & Pierce, T. (2011). Perceptions of fatherhood: Longitudinal reciprocal associations within the couple. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 2, 99–110.
Trempała J. (2010). Obsesyjna miłość rodziców do dziecka: Przyczynek do dyskusji [Excessive parental love. A contribution to the actual discussion]. Roczniki Naukowe. Seria A, Nauki społeczne, 1–2, 169–179.
Whitbourne, S. K., & Weinstock, C. S. (1979). Adult Development: The Differentiation of Experience. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.