Emotion regulation and mental health among professionals of long-term care institutions for older adults: the mediating role of work engagement
Słowa kluczowe:
work engagement, emotion regulation, long-term care facilities, geriatric care, mental healthAbstrakt
Background
This study examined whether work engagement mediated the association between emotion regulation and mental health of professionals working in long-term care institutions for older adults in Brazil.
Participants and procedure
A cross-sectional study with a total of 104 professionals working in 13 long-term care facilities for the elderly in Brazil was conducted. Emotion regulation (expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal), work engagement (vigor, dedication, and absorption), and mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress) were measured using self-report scales. Multiple mediation models were used to test the mediating role of engagement.
Results
Expressive suppression was associated with more vigor, which in turn was associated with less anxiety and stress; cognitive reappraisal was associated with more vigor, which in turn was associated with less anxiety and stress. No indirect effects were found for depression.
Conclusions
Expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal strategies to regulate emotions seem to be associated with more vigor in terms of resilience and persistence to deal with work demands in these professionals. These results seem to suggest that workers who are more capable of regulating their emotions (using both expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in a flexible way according to work demands) are more likely to be resilient, invest in their profession, and be persistent in the face of difficulties. This, in turn, contributes to protecting them from experiencing anxiety and stress.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4
Andrade, J. M., Duarte, Y. A., Alves, L. C., Andrade, F. C., Souza, P. R. Jr., Lima-Costa, M. F., & Andrade, F. B. (2018). Frailty profile in Brazilian older adults: ELSI-Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, 52, 17s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000616
Bamonti, P. M., Smith, A., & Smith, H. M. (2022). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies predict burnout in geriatric nursing staff. Clinical Gerontologist, 45, 1236–1244. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2020.1829230
Bassal, C., Czellar, J., Kaiser, S., & Dan-Glauser, E. S. (2016). Relationship between emotions, emotion regulation, and well-being of professional caregivers of people with dementia. Research on Aging, 38, 477–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027515591629
Blanco-Donoso, L. M., Demerouti, E., Hernandez, E. G., Moreno-Jimenez, B., & Cobo, I. C. (2015). Positive benefits of caring on nurses’ motivation and wellbeing: a diary study about the role of emotional regulation abilities at work. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52, 804–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.01.002
Blanco-Donoso, L. M., Garrosa, E., Demerouti, E., & Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2017). Job resources and recovery experiences to face difficulties in emotion regulation at work: a diary study among nurses. International Journal of Stress Management, 24, 107–134. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000023
Boian, C., Soares, D., & Lima, J. (2009). Questionário de Regulação Emocional adaptado para a população Brasileira [The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire adapted to Brazilian population]. Retrieved from https://spl.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj19321/files/media/file/portuguese_brazilian.pdf
Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15, 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00705.x
Borges, M. M., Bomfim, A. J. D. L., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2021). Depression and empathy in health professionals who work in the long-term care institutions for older adults. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 15, 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-030011
Brandão, T., Matias, M., Ferreira, T., Vieira, J., Schulz, M. S., & Matos, P. M. (2020). Attachment, emotion regulation, and well‐being in couples: Intrapersonal and interpersonal associations. Journal of Personality, 88, 748–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12523
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (2018). Projeções da população do Brasil e Unidades da Federação por sexo e idade: 2010-2060 [Projections of the population of Brazil and Federation Units by sex and age: 2010-2060]. Retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9109-projecao-da-populacao.html?=&t=resultados
Burić, I., & Macuka, I. (2018). Self-efficacy, emotions and work engagement among teachers: a two-wave cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 1917–1933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9903-9
Buruck, G., Dörfel, D., Kugler, J., & Brom, S. S. (2016). Enhancing well-being at work: The role of emotion regulation skills as personal resources. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21, 480–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000023
Castillo-Gualda, R., García, V., Pena, M., Galán, A., & Brackett, M. A. (2017). Preliminary findings from RULER approach in Spanish teachers’ emotional intelligence and work engagement. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 15, 641–664. https://doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.43.17068
Chervonsky, E., & Hunt, C. (2017). Suppression and expression of emotion in social and interpersonal outcomes: a meta-analysis. Emotion, 17, 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000270
Costello, H., Walsh, S., Cooper, C., & Livingston, G. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and associations of stress and burnout among staff in long-term care facilities for people with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 31, 1203–1216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218001606
Doulougeri, K., Panagopoulou, E., & Montgomery, A. (2016). (How) do medical students regulate their emotions? BMC Medical Education, 16, 312. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0832-9
Gan, Y., Wen, Y., Wang, J., Rodriguez, M. A., Gong, X., & Xie, X. (2014). Is expressive suppression an effective coping strategy? A study of Chinese rescue medical staff following an earthquake. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12059
George, O. J., Okon, S. E., & Akaighe, G. (2022). Emotional intelligence and work engagement: a serial mediation model. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 9, 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-02-2021-0025
Greenier, V., Derakhshan, A., & Fathi, J. (2021). Emotion regulation and psychological well-being in teacher work engagement: a case of British and Iranian English language teachers. System, 97, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102446
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0048577201393198
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave sevenyear prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.043
Hayes, A. F. (2015). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. Guilford.
Hu, T., Zhang, D., Wang, J., Mistry, R., Ran, G., & Wang, X. (2014). Relation between emotion regulation and mental health: a meta-analysis review. Psychological Reports, 114, 341–362. https://doi.org/10.2466/03.20.PR0.114k22w4
Imamura, K., Kawakami, N., Inoue, A., Shimazu, A., Tsutsumi, A., Takahashi, M., & Totsuzaki, T. (2016). Work engagement as a predictor of onset of major depressive episode (MDE) among workers, independent of psychological distress: a 3-year prospective cohort study. PloS One, 11, e0148157. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148157
Innstrand, S. T., Langballe, E. M., & Falkum, E. (2012). A longitudinal study of the relationship between work engagement and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Stress and Health, 28, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1395
Kanste, O. (2011). Work engagement, work commitment and their association with well‐being in health care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 25, 754–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00888.x
Katana, M., Röcke, C., Spain, S. M., & Allemand, M. (2019). Emotion regulation, subjective well-being, and perceived stress in daily life of geriatric nurses. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1097. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01097
Kubicek, B., Korunka, C., & Ulferts, H. (2013). Acceleration in the care of older adults: New demands as predictors of employee burnout and engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69, 1525–1538. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12011
Kubota, K., Shimazu, A., Kawakami, N., Takahashi, M., Nakata, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Association between workaholism and sleep problems among hospital nurses. Industrial Health, 48, 864–871. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1139
Leijten, F. R., van den Heuvel, S. G., van der Beek, A. J., Ybema, J. F., Robroek, S. J., & Burdorf, A. (2015). Associations of work-related factors and work engagement with mental and physical health: a 1-year follow-up study among older workers. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 25, 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-014-9525-6
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.
Mantzorou, M., & Koukia, E. (2018). Professional burnout of geriatric nurses caring for elderly people with dementia. Perioperative Nursing, 7, 6–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1401170
Mérida-López, S., & Extremera, N. (2020). The interplay of emotional intelligence abilities and work engagement on job and life satisfaction: Which emotional abilities matter most for secondaryschool teachers? Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 563634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.563634
Molina-Praena, J., Ramirez-Baena, L., Gómez-Urquiza, J. L., Cañadas, G. R., & De la Fuente, E. I. (2018). Levels of burnout and risk factors in medical area nurses: a meta-analytic study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122800
Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress related symptoms? Behavior Research and Therapy, 46, 993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001
National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) (2005). Resolução RDC nº 283, de 26 de setembro de 2005. Aprova regulamento técnico para o funcionamento das instituições de longa permanência para idosos [Resolution RDC no. 283, of September 26, 2005. Approves the technical regulation for the operation of long-term institutions for the elderly]. Diário Oficial da União.
Newman, D. B., & Nezlek, J. B. (2022). The influence of daily events on emotion regulation and wellbeing in daily life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48, 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220980882
Sanchez, S., Mahmoudi, R., Moronne, I., Camonin, D., & Novella, J. L. (2015). Burnout in the field of geriatric medicine: Review of the literature. European Geriatric Medicine, 6, 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2014.04.014
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Manual. Retrieved from https://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/Test%20Manuals/Test_manual_UWES_English.pdf
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology, 57, 173–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x
Vazquez, A. C. S., Magnan, E. D. S., Pacico, J. C., Hutz, C. S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Adaptation and validation of the Brazilian version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Psico-USF, 20, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712015200202
Vignola, R. C. B., & Tucci, A. M. (2014). Adaptation and validation of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155, 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.031