Early maladaptive schemas in individuals with and without B cluster personality disorders

Autor

  • Siamak Khodarahimi Islamic Azad University, Iran

Słowa kluczowe:

early maladaptive schemas, gender, age, cluster B personality disorders

Abstrakt

The purpose of this research was to examine the role of early maladaptive schemas in patients with and without B cluster personality disorders, based on gender, age and educational status. The sample consisted of 150 Iranian outpatients with borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders and controls, who were selected through the purposive sampling method. A demographic questionnaire and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) were used in this study. The results demonstrated that patients with B cluster personality disorders had significantly higher levels of early maladaptive schemas than the control group. A significant effect was found with regards to gender in relation to early maladaptive schemas. The findings did not support the influence of age or educational level in early maladaptive schemas.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Bibliografia

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-V (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.

Arntz, A. (2010). New developments in schema therapy for borderline personality disorder. Sixth World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, 2–5 June, Boston.

Arntz, A., Klokman, J., & Sieswerda, S. (2005). An experimental test of the schema mode model of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy, 36, 226–339.

Arntz, A. & van Genderen, H. (2009). Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ball, J., Mitchell, P., Malhi, G., Skillecorn, A., & Smith, M. (2003). Schema-focused cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: Reducing vulnerability to relapse through attitudinal change. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 41–48. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01098.x

Balsamo, M., Carlucci, L., Sergi, M. R., Klein Murdock, K., & Saggino, A. (2015). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between co-rumination and depression in young adults. PLoS One, 10, e0140177. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140177

Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper and Row.

Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., Pretzer, J., Davis, D., Fleming, B., Ottaviani, R., Beck, J., Simon, K., Padesky, C. A., Meyer, J., & Trexler, L. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford.

Bem, S. L. (1983). Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising genderaschematic children in a gender-schematic society. Signs, 8, 598–616.

Bem, S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual equality. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt,. T., Kremers, I., Nadort, M., & Arntz, A. (2006). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference focused psychotherapy. Archive of General Psychiatry, 63, 649–658.

Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds: I. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201–210.

Bussey, K. (2011). Gender identity development. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 603–628). New York: Springer.

Cloninger, C. R. (1998). The genetics and psychobiology of the seven-factor model of personality. In K. R. Silk (ed.), Biology of personality disorders. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

Corral, C., & Calvete, E. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder traits in perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1–10. doi: 10.1017/sjp.2014.1

Davidson, K. M. (2000) Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A treatment manual. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.

El-Gilany, A. H., El-Bilsha, M. A., & Ibrahim, A. (2013). Gender differences in maladaptive cognitive schema in orphans in Dakahlia, Egypt. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1–5. doi: 10.1155/2013/373120

Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.

Gullhaugen, A. S., & Nøttestad, J. A. (2012). Under the surface: The dynamic interpersonal and affective world of psychopathic high-security and detention prisoners. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56, 917–936. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11415633

Karp, J., & Dugas, M. J. (2003). Stuck behind a wall of fear: How cognitive-behavior therapy helped one woman with social phobia. Clinical Case Studies, 2, 171–187. doi: 10.1177/1534650103002003001

Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Aronson Press.

Linehan, M. (1997). Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for borderline personality disorder. Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 8, 47–49.

Lobbestael, J., van Vreeswijk, M., Spinhoven, P., Schouten, E., & Arntz, A. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Short Schema Mode Inventory (SMI). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38, 437–458.

Malcolm, I. G., & Sharifian, F. (2002). Aspects of aboriginal English oral discourse: An application of cultural schema theory. Discourse Studies, 4, 169–181. doi: 10.1177/14614456020040020301

Martin, C. L., Ruble, D. N., & Szkrybalo, J. (2002). Cognitive theories of early gender development. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 903–933.

Masterson, J. F. (1997). The borderline disorder of the self. Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 8, 41–43.

McLean, J. (2007). Psychotherapy with a narcissistic patient using Kohut’s self psychology model. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4, 40–47.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Norman, D. A., Rumelhart, D. E., & the LNR Research Group (1975). Explorations in Cognition. San Francisco: Freeman.

Özdel, K., Turkey, A., Türkçapar, M. H., Guriz, S. O., Hamamci, Z., Duy, B., Taymur, I., & Riskind, J. H. (2015). Early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs in antisocial personality disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8, 306–317.

Palmer, G. B. (1996). Toward a theory of cultural linguistics. Austin: University of Texas.

Palys, T. (2008). Purposive sampling. In L. M. Given (ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (Vol. 2, pp. 697–698). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Peixoto, M. M. & Nobre, P. (2015). Cognitive schemas activated in sexual context: A comparative study with homosexual and heterosexual men and women with and without sexual problems. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 390–402. doi: 10.1007/s10608-014-9661-5

Pentony, C. G. (1980). Gender, sex typing, and gender identity. American Psychologist, 35, 941–942.

Petrocelli, J. V., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B., & Campbell, L. F. (2001). Early maladaptive schemas of personality subtypes. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 546–559.

Piaget, J. (1970). Science of education and the psychology of the child. New York: Orion.

Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata: The building blocks of cognition. In R. J. Spiro, B. Bruce, & W. F. Brewer (eds.), Theoretical issues in reading and comprehension (pp. 33–58). New Jersey: Erlbaum Hillsdale.

Ryle, R. (2012). Questioning gender: A sociological exploration. London: Sage.

Sadooghi, Z., Aguilar-Vafaie, M., Rasoulzadeh Tabatabaie, K., & Esfehanian, N. (2008). Factor analysis of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form in a nonclinical Iranian sample. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14, 214–219.

Schank, R. C. & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295–321.

Seavey, A., & Moore, T. M. (2012). Schema-focused therapy for major depressive disorder and personality disorder: A case study. Clinical Case Studies, 11, 457–473. doi: 10.1177/1534650112460571

Shaffer, D. R. (2009). Social and personality development (6th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth.

Strauss, C., & Quinn, N. (1997). A cognitive theory of cultural meaning. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sue, D., Sue, D. W., & Sue, S. (2006). Understanding abnormal behavior (8th ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Sundag, J., Ascone, L., de Matos Marques, A, Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). Elucidating the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas for psychotic symptomatology. Psychiatry Research, 238, 53–59. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.008

Thimm, J. C. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A circumplex analysis of the YSQ-SF. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 13, 113–124.

Timmerman, I. G. H., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2006). The relationship between attachment styles and Cluster B personality disorders in prisoners and forensic inpatients. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29, 48–56.

Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research & Applications, 5, 147-158.

Trip, S. (2006). The Romanian version of Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3. Journal of Cognitive and Behavior Psychotherapies, 6, 173–181.

Van Vreeswijk, M. F., van, Broersen, J., & Nadort, M. (2012). The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of schema therapy: Theory, research and practice. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Welburn, K., Coristine, M., Dagg, P., Pontefract, A., & Jordan, S. (2002). The Schema-Questionnaire short form: Factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 519–530.

Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. Chichester: Wiley.

Wills, F., & Sanders, D. (2013). Cognitive behaviour therapy: Foundations for practice (3rd ed.) London: Sage.

Wood, J. T. (2007). Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture (7th ed.). Toronto: Thomson Wadsworth.

Young, J. (1988). Schema-focused cognitive therapy for personality disorders. Paper presented at the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration, April. Cambridge: MA.

Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.

Young, J. E. (1998). Young Schema-Questionnaire Short Form. New York: Cognitive Therapy Centre.

Young, J., & Klosko, J. (2005). Schema therapy. In J. M. Oldham, A. E. Skodol, & D. S. Bender (eds.), The American psychiatric publishing textbook of personality disorders (pp. 289–306). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Publications.

Opublikowane

2017-12-15

Jak cytować

Khodarahimi, S. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas in individuals with and without B cluster personality disorders. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 5(4), 260–271. Pobrano z https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/CIiPP/article/view/8421

Numer

Dział

Artykuły