Pathways to positivity from perceived stress in adolescents: multiple mediation of emotion regulation and coping strategies
Słowa kluczowe:
perceived stress, positivity, emotion regulation, coping, adolescents, multiple mediationAbstrakt
Background
The current study aimed to examine the multiple mediation of emotion regulation and coping strategies in the relationship between perceived stress and positivity in adolescents.
Participants and procedure
Participants included 312 adolescents attending high schools. 162 of the participants were female and 150 were male, with an average age of 16.26, SD = 1.21. Data collection was conducted with the Perceived Stress Scale, the Emotion Regulation Scale for Adolescents, the Coping Scale for Children and Youth, and the Positivity Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, regression based on ordinary least squares, and the bootstrap method were used to analyze the research data.
Results
The research findings indicated that internal dysfunctional emotion regulation, assistance seeking, problem solving, and behavioral avoidance mediated the relationship between perceived stress and positivity.
Conclusion
In conclusion, internal dysfunctional emotion regulation, seeking assistance, problem solving, and behavioral avoidance were found to mediate the relationship between adolescents’ perceived stress and positivity. Thus, preparing individual and group psychological counseling as well as emotion regulation and coping-oriented psycho-educational programs for adolescents to regulate negative emotions and to cope with stress may be important. The research findings were discussed and interpreted based on the relevant literature, and suggestions for relevant experts were included.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Aldwin, C. M. (2007). Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Aldwin, C. M., & Yancura, L. A. (2004). Coping. In C. D. Spielberger (Editor-in-Chief,), Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology (vol. 1, pp. 507–510). Elsevier Academic Press Inc.
Alessandri, G., Caprara, G. V., & Tisak, J. (2012). The unique contribution of positive orientation to optimal functioning. European Psychologist, 17, 44–54.
Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). A longitudinal analysis of positive psychological constructs and emotions on stress, anxiety, and well-being. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1548051810397368
Bordwine, V. C., & Huebner, E. S. (2010). The role of coping in mediating the relationship between positive affect and school satisfaction in adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 3, 349–366. doi: 10.1007/s12187-010-9063-5
Boysan, M. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinde erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, başa çıkma stilleri ve öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkilere yönelik bir model sınaması [Testing a model of associations between early maladaptive schemas, coping styles, and subjective well-being in university students]. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Bridges, L. J. (2003). Coping as an element of developmental well-being. In M. H. Bornstein, L. Davidson, C. L. M. Keyes, & K. A. Moore (eds.), Wellbeing: Positive development across the life course (pp. 155–166). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Brodzinsky, D. M., Elias, M. J., Steiger, C., Simon, J., Gill, M., & Hitt, J. C. (1992). Coping Scale for children and youth: Scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13, 195–214. doi: 10.1016/0193-3973(92)90029-H
Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., & Abela, J. (2012). The positivity scale. Psychological Assessment, 24, 701–712.
Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Trommsdorff, G., Heikamp, T., Yamaguchi, S., & Suzuki, F. (2011). Positive orientation across three cultures. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 43, 77–83.
Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Alessandri, G., Abela, J. R., & McWhinnie, C. M. (2010). Positive orientation: Explorations on what is common to life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 19, 63–71.
Carpenter, B. N. (1992). Issues and advances in coping research. In B. N. Carpenter (ed.), Personal coping: theory, research, and application (pp. 1–13). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396.
Cohen, L. M., Manion, L. I., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
Duy, B., & Yıldız, M. A. (2014). Ergenler için duygu düzenleme ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması [Adaptation of the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) for Adolescents]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5, 23-35.
Duy, B., & Yıldız, M. A. (2015). An examination of the mediating effect of emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between irrational beliefs and positivity in adolescents: A multiple mediation analysis, 8th International and 13th National Congress of Clinical Psychology, 19 to 22 November, 2015, Granada, Spain. (Poster Papers).
Duy, B., & Yıldız, M. A. (2015a). Investigation of the psychometric properties of the positivity scale (P Scale) for Turkish adolescents and young adults, APCCC 2015 Asia Pacific Counseling Conference, 18–19 June, 2015, Singapur. https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/2015-singapore-conference/op4-baki-duy.pptx?sfvrsn=2
Eryılmaz, A. (2009). Başa çıkma stratejilerinin kişilik özellikleriyle ergen öznel iyi oluşu arasındaki aracı rolü [The mediator role of coping strategies between personality traits and adolescents? Subjective well being]. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839–852. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.839
Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1207-1221. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00040-3
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456
Greenglass, E. R., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2009). Proactive coping, positive affect, and well-being testing for mediation using path analysis. European Psychologist, 14, 29–39. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.29
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291. doi: 10.1017.S0048577201393198
Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.) (pp. 497–512). New York: Guilford.
Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Emotion regulation in ever day life. In D. K. Snyder, J. A. Simpson, & J. H. Hughes (eds.), Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 13–35). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York: The Guilford Press.
Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17–43). New York: The Guilford Press.
Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. Retrieved from http://www.processmacro.org/download.html
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M., Jr. (2013). Psikolojik danışmada araştırma yöntemleri [Research Methods in Counseling] (D. M. Siyez, Trans.) (1st ed.). Ankara: Mentis Yayıncılık.
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72, 1301–1333.
Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 4–41. doi: 10.1080/02699930802619031
Korkut, F. (2007). Okul temelli önleyici rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma [School-based preventive guidance and counseling] (2. Baskı). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
Kraaij, V., van der Veek, S. M., Garnefski, N., Schroevers, M., Witlox, R., & Maes, S. (2008). Coping, goal adjustment, and psychological well-being in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. AIDS patient care and STDs, 22, 395–402. doi: 10.1089/apc.2007.0145
Larsen, R. J., & Prizmic, Z. (2004). Affect regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs. (eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 40–61). New York: The Guilford Press.
Lauriola, M., & Iani, L. (2016). Personality, positivity and happiness: A mediation analysis using a bifactor model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1–24.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Odacı, H., & Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2012). University students’ ways of coping with stress, life satisfaction and subjective well-being. TOJCE: The Online Journal of Counseling and Education, 1, 118–131.
Özbay, Y., Palancı, M., Kandemir, M., & Çakır, O. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin, öznel iyi oluşlarının duygusal düzenleme, mizah, sosyal öz yeterlik ve başa çıkma davranışları ile yordanması [Prediction of subjective well-being of University students via self-regulation, humor, social self-efficacy and stress-coping strategies]. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10, 325–345.
Phillips, K. F. V., & Power, M. J. (2007). A new self-report measure of emotion regulation in adolescents: The regulation of emotions questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 145–156.
Rottenberg, J., & Gross, J. J. (2003). When emotion goes wrong: Realizing the promise of affective science. American Psychological Association, 10, 227–232. doi: 10.1093/clipsy/bpg012
Santrock, J. W. (2012). Ergenlik (14. Baskı). (D. M. Siyez, Çev. ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Gerçek mutluluk [Authentic happiness]. (S. Kunt, Çev. ed.). Ankara: HYB Yayınları.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14.
Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., Wolf, J. J., Haber, Y., Goldray, O., Shacham‐Shmueli, E., & Ben‐Ezra, M. (2011). The positivity ratio and functioning under stress. Stress and Health, 27, 265–271.
Stone, A. A., Kennedy-Moore, E., Newman, M. G., Greenberg, M., & Neale, J. M. (1992). Conceptual and methodological issues in current coping assessments. In B. N. Carpenter (ed.), Personal coping: theory, research, and application (1st ed.) (pp. 15–29). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
Terzi, Ş. (2005). Öznel iyi olmaya ilişkin psikolojik dayanıklılık modeli [Psychological hardiness model relating to subjective well being]. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Topal, M. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin stresle basa çıkma stilleri ile pozitif ve negatif duygu arasındaki ilişki [Coping styles with stress of the University students and the relation between positive and negative emotion]. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
Yerlikaya, E. E., & ve İnanç, B. (2007). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçe çevirisinin psikometrik özellikleri [Psychometric properties of the Turkish translation of the Perceived Stress Scale] IX. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 17–19 Ekim, İzmir.
Yıldız, M. A. (2014). Ergenlerde anne-babaya bağlanma ile öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme ve baş etme yöntemlerinin çoklu aracılık rolü [The multiple mediating role of emotion regulation and coping strategies on the relationship between parent attachment and subjective well-being in adolescents]. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.
Yıldız, M. A. (2016). Multiple mediation of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between loneliness and positivity in adolescents. Education and Science, 186, 217–231. doi: 10.15390/EB.2016.6193
Yıldız, M. A. (In press). Çocuk ve ergenler için baş etme ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları [Adaptation of the Coping Scale for Children and Youth to Turkish: Validity and reliability studies]. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi.