Academic Scientific JournalsFamily functioning and self-compassion among college students: examining the mediating role of mindfulness
Keywords:
family functioning, mindfulness, self-compassion, college students, mediation analysisAbstract
Background
College students frequently encounter academic and nonacademic stressors, making them highly vulnerable to mental health problems. Among various protective factors, mindfulness and self-compassion are recognized for their roles in enhancing emotional well-being. Meanwhile, the family environment plays a significant role in shaping these intrapersonal capacities. This study investigated both the direct and indirect effects in the relationship between perceived family functioning, mindfulness, and selfcompassion among Indonesian college students.
Participants and procedure
A total of 278 students (17-29 years old) from 15 Indonesian universities completed online self-report questionnaires. Standardized instruments were used to measure family functioning (FAM-III), mindfulness (MAAS), and self-compassion (SCS). Mediation analysis was conducted using Jamovi with 5,000 bootstrap samples.
Results
The results revealed that higher family dysfunction was significantly associated with lower mindfulness (β = –.47, p < .001) and self-compassion (β = –.25, p < .001), while mindfulness positively correlated with self-compassion (β = .38, p < .001). Mediation analysis confirmed that mindfulness partially mediated the negative relationship between family dysfunction and self-compassion (indirect effect: β = –.18, p < .001), accounting for 42.1% of the total effect (total effect: β = –.43, p < .001).
Conclusions
The findings highlight the influence of familial relational quality on students’ psychological resources and underscore mindfulness as a psychological mechanism linking family functioning to self-compassion. This study suggests that mindfulness-based interventions could enhance selfcompassion, especially for students from dysfunctional families.
Downloads
References
Ahmadi, A., Mustaffa, M. S., Haghdoost, A. A., & Alavi, M. (2014). Mindfulness and related factors among undergraduate students. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 20–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.321
Akin, R. I., Breeman, L. D., & Branje, S. (2024). Parentchild relationship, well-being and home-leaving during the transition from high school to university. Youth, 4, 80–96. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4010006
Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x
Alomari, H. (2023). Mindfulness and its relationship to academic achievement among university students. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1179584
Anikiej-Wiczenbach, P., Kaźmierczak, M., & Czerwiński, S. (2024). Exploring the key drivers of responsive parenting in mothers and fathers – observed and self-reported responsiveness. Health Psychology Report, 12, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr/181511
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L. B., & Peters, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 230–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.674548
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504
Baer, R. A., Crane, C., Miller, E., & Kuyken, W. (2019). Doing no harm in mindfulness-based programs: Conceptual issues and empirical findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 71, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.001
Balon, R., Beresin, E. V., Coverdale, J. H., Louie, A. K., & Roberts, L. W. (2015). College mental health: a vulnerable population in an environment with systemic deficiencies. Academic Psychiatry, 39, 495–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-015-0390-1
Beavers, R., & Hampson, R. B. (2000). The Beavers Systems Model of Family Functioning. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 128–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00143
Benn, R., Akiva, T., Arel, S., & Roeser, R. W. (2012). Mindfulness training effects for parents and educators of children with special needs. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1476–1487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027537
Berryhill, M. B., Harless, C., & Kean, P. (2018). College student cohesive-flexible family functioning and mental health: Examining gender differences and the mediation effects of positive family communication and self-compassion. The Family Journal, 26, 422–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480718807411
Blatt, S. J., & Homann, E. (1992). Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 47–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(92)90091-L
Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1298–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2
Bluth, K., & Neff, K. D. (2018). New frontiers in understanding the benefits of self-compassion. Self and Identity, 17, 605–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1508494
Bowen, M. (1974). Alcoholism as viewed through family systems theory and family psychotherapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 233, 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb40288.x
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Caldarelli, G., Pizzini, B., Cosenza, M., & Troncone, A. (2024). The prevalence of mental health conditions and effectiveness of psychological interventions among university students in Italy: a systematic literature review. Psychiatry Research, 342, 116208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116208
Caldwell, J. G., & Shaver, P. R. (2015). Promoting attachment-related mindfulness and compassion: a wait-list-controlled study of women who were mistreated during childhood. Mindfulness, 6, 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0298-y
Campbell, F., Blank, L., Cantrell, A., Baxter, S., Blackmore, C., Dixon, J., & Goyder, E. (2022). Factors that influence mental health of university and college students in the UK: a systematic review. BMC
Public Health, 22, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13943-x
Chen, B., Wang, W., & Yang, S. (2023). The impact of family functioning on depression in college students: a moderated mediation model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 340, 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.047
Clements, C., Farooq, B., Hawton, K., Geulayov, G., Casey, D., Waters, K., Ness, J., Kelly, S., Townsend, E., Appleby, L., & Kapur, N. (2023). Self-harm in University students: a comparative analysis of data from the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England. Journal of Affective Disorders, 335, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.112
Cohen, J. (1992). Quantitative methods in psychology: a power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0051737
Cowand, A., Amarsaikhan, U., Ricks, R. F., Cash, E. D., & Septhon, S. E. (2024). Self-compassion is associated with improved well-being and healthier cortisol profiles in undergraduate students. Mindfulness, 15, 1831–1845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02383-w
Curran, P. G. (2016). Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 66, 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.07.006
Dai, L., & Wang, L. (2015). Review of family functioning. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 3, 134–141. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.312014
Deng, X., Lin, M., Zhang, L., Li, X., & Gao, Q. (2022). Relations between family cohesion and adolescentparent’s neural synchrony in response to emotional stimulations. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 18, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-022-00197-1
Deng, Y., Cherian, J., Khan, N. U. N., Kumari, K., Sial, M. S., Comite, U., Gavurova, B., & Popp, J. (2022). Family and academic stress and their impact on students’ depression level and academic performance. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 869337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.869337
Desai, D., Chowhan, D., Menezes, F., Devapriya, S. U., & Sivaraman, S. (2025). Family functioning, selfcompassion and need for approval among young adults: a comparative study. In E. AlDhaen, A. Braganza, A. Hamdan, & W. Chen (Eds.), Business sustainability with artificial intelligence (AI): Challenges and opportunities (Vol. 1, pp. 85–95). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71526-6_8
Desrianty, M., Hassan, N. C., Zakaria, N. S., & Zaremohzzabieh, Z. (2021). Resilience, family functioning, and psychological well-being: Findings from a cross-sectional survey of high-school students. Asian Social Science, 17, 77. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n11p77
Duan, W. (2016). The benefits of personal strengths in mental health of stressed students: a longitudinal investigation. Quality of Life Research, 25, 2879–2888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1320-8
Duan, W., Guo, P., & Gan, P. (2015). Relationships among trait resilience, virtues, post-traumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth. PLoS One, 10, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125707
Emmerton, R. W., Camilleri, C., & Sammut, S. (2024). Continued deterioration in university student mental health: Inevitable decline or skirting around the deeper problems? Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 15, 100691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100691
Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x
Erdem, G., & Safi, O. A. (2018). The cultural lens approach to Bowen Family Systems Theory: Contributions of family change theory. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 10, 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12258
Fan, X., & Yang, Y. (2025). Whether and how family functioning relates to the development of selfcompassion and emotion regulation in Chinese migrant children? A random intercept cross-lagged panel analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 54, 522–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02088-2
Farmakopoulou, I., Lekka, M., & Gkintoni, E. (2024). Clinical symptomatology of anxiety and family function in adolescents – the self-esteem mediator. Children, 11, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030338
Fingerman, K. L., & Bermann, E. (2000). Applications of family systems theory to the study of adulthood. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 51, 5–29. https://doi.org/10.2190/7TF8-WB3FTMWG-TT3K
Fourianalistyawati, E., Grasiaswaty, N., & Uswatunnisa, A. (2018). Construct for Mindful Attention Awareness Scale in young Indonesian: a second order model. Paper presented at the seminar “To Build Smart and Happy Generation”, UGM, Yogyakarta.
Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N. V., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: an exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466504772812959
Golzar, J., Noor, S., & Tajik, O. (2022). Convenience sampling. International Journal of Education & Lan guage Studies, 1, 72–77. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412972024.n551
González-Martín, A. M., Aibar-Almazán, A., Rivas-Campo, Y., Castellote-Caballero, Y., & Carcelén-Fraile, M. C. (2023). Mindfulness to improve the mental health of university students. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1284632. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1284632
Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016). Self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness are associated with parenting styles and parenting stress: The mediating role of mindful parenting. Mindfulness, 7, 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0507-y
Gračanin, A., Bylsma, L. M., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2014). Is crying a self-soothing behavior? Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 502. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00502
Grevenstein, D., Bluemke, M., Schweitzer, J., & Aguilar-Raab, C. (2019). Better family relationships – higher well-being: The connection between relationship quality and health related resources. Mental Health and Prevention, 14, 200160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mph.2019.200160
Gutiérrez-Hernández, M. E., Rodríguez, L. F. F., Megolla, A. D, Oyanadel, C., & Castro, W. P. (2023). The effect of daily meditative practices based on mindfulness and self-compassion on emotional distress under stressful conditions: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13, 762–775). https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13040058
Hicks, R. E., & Kearney, K. (2019). Pain in relation to emotion regulatory resources and self-compassion: a non-randomized correlational study involving recollected early childhood experiences and insecure attachment. Health Psychology Report, 7, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2019.83384
Hidayati, F. N. R. (2015). Hubungan antara self-compassion dengan work family conflict pada staf Markas Palang Merah Indonesia Provinsi Jawa Tengah [The relationship between self-compassion and work-family conflict among staff at the Indonesian Red Cross Headquarters, Central Java Province]. Jurnal Psikologi, 14, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpu.14.2.183-189
Huang, X., Hu, N., Yao, Z., & Peng, B. (2022). Family functioning and adolescent depression: a moderated mediation model of self-esteem and peer relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 962147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962147
Inwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018). Mechanisms of change in the relationship between self-compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health: a systematic review. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 10, 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12127
Johnson, J. A. (2005). Ascertaining the validity of individual protocols from web-based personality inventories. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 103–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.009
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg016
Katz, J., & Nelson, R. A. (2007). Family experience and self-criticism in college students: Testing a model of family stress, past unfairness, and self-esteem. American Journal of Family Therapy, 35, 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180601057630
Kirdchok, P., Kolkijkovin, V., Munsukpol, W., & Chinvararak, C. (2022). Prevalence of common mental health problems and associated factors among university students visiting Supara mental health service: a cross-sectional study. F1000Research, 11, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126054.1
Kirschner, H., Kuyken, W., Wright, K., Roberts, H., Brejcha, C., & Karl, A. (2019). Soothing your heart and feeling connected: a new experimental paradigm to study the benefits of self-compassion. Clinical Psychological Science, 7, 545–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618812438
Klonoff-Cohen, H. S., Cohen, A., Gobin, R. L., Polavarapu, M., Allen, R., Reddy, S., & Vuyyuru, C. (2024). Suicide ideation and self-harm behaviors in first-year dormitory students at a Public Midwestern University: a pilot study. Chronic Stress, 8, 24705470241259939. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470241259939
Lathren, C. R., Rao, S. S., Park, J., & Bluth, K. (2021). Self-compassion and current close interpersonal relationships: a scoping literature review. Mindfulness, 12, 1078–1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01566-5
Lerner, R. M., Johnson, S. K., & Buckingham, M. H. (2015). Relational developmental systems‐based theories and the study of children and families: Lerner and Spanier (1978) revisited. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 7, 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12067
Levinson, D. J. (1978). Seasons of a man’s life. Random House.
Liang, F., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., He, X., & He, M. (2024). Meta-analysis of family functioning and self-esteem among Chinese adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 164, 107822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107822
Limone, P., & Toto, G. A. (2022). Factors that predispose undergraduates to mental issues: a cumulative literature review for future research perspectives. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 831349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.831349
Mackintosh, K., Power, K., Schwannauer, M., & Chan, S. W. Y. (2018). The relationships between self-compassion, attachment and interpersonal problems in clinical patients with mixed anxiety and depression and emotional distress. Mindfulness, 9, 961–971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0835-6
Makadi, E., & Koszycki, D. (2020). Exploring connections between self-compassion, mindfulness, and social anxiety. Mindfulness, 11, 480–492). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01270-z
Malebari, A. M., Alamoudi, S. O., AL-Alawi, T. I., Alkhateeb, A. A., Albuqayli, A. S., & Alothmany, H. N. (2024). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among university students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Exploring sociodemographic and associated factors. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1441695. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1441695
Mantzios, M., & Egan, H. (2018). An exploratory examination of mindfulness, self-compassion, and mindful eating in relation to motivations to eat palatable foods and BMI. Health Psychology Report, 6, 207–215. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2018.73052
Masoumi, S., Amiri, M., & Afrashteh, M. Y. (2022). Selfcompassion: The factor that explains a relationship between perceived social support and emotional self-regulation in psychological well-being of breast cancer survivors. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v17i3.9734
Mendoza, M. D. C. G., Queija, I. S., & Jiménez, Á. P. (2019). The role of parents in emerging adults’ psychological well-being: a person-oriented approach. Family Process, 58, 954–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12388
Miller, I. W., Ryan, C. E., Keitner, G. I., Bishop, D. S., & Epstein, N. B. (2000). The McMaster approach to families: Theory, assessment, treatment and research. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 168–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00145
Montero-Marin, J., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Gu, J., Baer, R., Al-Awamleh, A. A., Akutsu, S., Araya-Véliz, C., Ghorbani, N., Chen, Z. J., Kim, M. S., Mantzios, M., dos Santos, D. N. R., Serramo López, L. C., Teleb, A. A., Watson, P. J., Yamaguchi, A., Yang, E., & García-Campayo, J. (2018). Self-compassion and cultural values: a cross-cultural study of self-compassion using a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analytical procedure. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02638
Moreira, H., Carona, C., Silva, N., Nunes, J., & Canavarro, M. C. (2016). Exploring the link between maternal attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and mindful parenting: The mediating role of self-compassion. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 89, 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12082
Mphaphuli, L. K. (2023). The impact of dysfunctional families on the mental health of children. In T. Silva (Ed.), Parenting in modern societies (pp. 1–12). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110565
Naidoo, P., & Oosthuizen, M. (2024). Self-compassion as a mechanism to facilitate the adjustment of first-year students to university environments. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 9, 347–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-023-00129-y
Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9, 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
Nieto, M., Visier, M. E., Silvestre, I. N., Navarro, B., Serrano, J. P., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2023). Relation between resilience and personality traits: The role of hopelessness and age. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 64, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12866
Novak, M., Parr, N. J., Ferić, M., Mihić, J., & Kranželić, V. (2021). Positive youth development in Croatia: School and family factors associated with mental health of Croatian adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 611169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611169
Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 144–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00144
Pan, Y., Yang, Z., Han, X., & Qi, S. (2021). Family functioning and mental health among secondary vocational students during the COVID-19 epidemic: a moderated mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110490
Pedrelli, P., Nyer, M., Yeung, A., Zulauf, C., & Wilens, T. (2015). College students: Mental health problems and treatment considerations. Academic Psychiatry, 39, 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0205-9
Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., & O’Donovan, A. (2015). The association between state attachment security and state mindfulness. PLoS One, 10, e0116779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116779
Pomerantz, E., Ng, F., & Wang, Q. (2008). Culture, parenting, and motivation: The case of East Asia and the United States. Advances in Motivation and Achievement, 15, 209–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-7423(08)15007-5
Psychogiou, L., Legge, K., Parry, E., Mann, J., Nath, S., Ford, T., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Self-compassion and parenting in mothers and fathers with depression. Mindfulness, 7, 896–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0528-6
Pu, D. F., & Rodriguez, C. M. (2022). Child and parent factors predictive of mothers’ and fathers’ perceived family functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 37, 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000971
Qian, L., Wang, D., Jiang, M., Wu, W., & Ni, C. (2022). The impact of family functioning on college students’ loneliness: Chain-mediating effects of core self-evaluation and problematic mobile phone use. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 915697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915697
Qin, X., Zhang, W., Xu, S., Ma, M., Fan, X., Nie, X., Liu, J., Ju, Y., Zhang, L., Li, L., Li, H. L., Liu, B., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Characteristics and related factors of family functioning in Chinese families during early pregnancy. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1102796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1102796
Sedighimornani, N., Rimes, K. A., & Verplanken, B. (2019). Exploring the relationships between mindfulness, self-compassion, and shame. SAGE Open, 9, 2158244019866294. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019866294
Shapiro, S. L., Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Cultivating mindfulness: Effects on well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 840–862. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20491
Sivertsen, B., Hysing, M., Knapstad, M., Harvey, A. G., Reneflot, A., Lønning, K. J., & O’Connor, R. C. (2019). Suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-harm among university students: Prevalence study. BJPsych Open, 5, e26. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.4
Skinner, H., Steinhauer, P., & Sitarenios, G. (2002). Family Assessment Measure (FAM) and process model of family functioning. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 190–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00146
Šoková, B., Greškovičová, K., Halamová, J., & Baránková, M. (2025). Breaking the vicious cycles of selfcriticism: a qualitative study on the best practices of overcoming one’s inner critic. BMC Psychology, 13, 266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02250-2
Su, Y., Sun, W., Gan, Y., Zhu, Q., Liu, G., Hui, L., Tang, H., & Liu, Z. (2022). Mindfulness mediates the relationship between positive parenting and aggression, depression, and suicidal ideation: a longitudinal study in middle school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1007983. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1007983
Sugianto, D., Suwartono, C., & Sutanto, S. H. (2020). Reliabilitas dan validitas Self-Compassion Scale versi Bahasa Indonesia [Reliability and validity of the Indonesian version of Self-Compassion Scale]. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 7, 177–191. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu107
Suh, H., & Jeong, J. (2021). Association of self-compassion with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and non-suicidal self-injury: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 633482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633482
Svendsen, J. L., Kvernenes, K. V., Wiker, A. S., & Dundas, I. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness: Rumination and self-compassion. Nordic Psychology, 69, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2016.1171730
Szcześniak, M., & Tułecka, M. (2020). Family functioning and life satisfaction: The mediatory role of emotional intelligence. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 223–232. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S240898
Taren, A. A., Creswell, J. D., & Gianaros, P. J. (2013). Dispositional mindfulness co-varies with smaller amygdala and caudate volumes in community adults. PLoS One, 8, e64574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064574
Tran, M. A. Q., Vo-Thanh, T., Soliman, M., Khoury, B., & Chau, N. N. T. (2022). Self-compassion, mindfulness, stress, and self-esteem among Vietnamese university students: Psychological well-being and positive emotion as mediators. Mindfulness, 13, 2574–2586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01980-x
Tsatsou, I. (2024). The role of culture in mindfulness practice: a brief review. Cultural Forum, 1, 3155. https://doi.org/10.59400/cf3155
Watkins, N. K., Salafia, C., & Ohannessian, C. M. C. (2022). Family functioning and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: The moderating role of mindfulness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31, 1474–1488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02219-4
Wenzel, K., Townsend, J., Hawkins, B., & Russell, B. (2020). Changes in family leisure functioning following a family camp for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 54, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.18666/TRJ-2020-V54-I1-9418
Witchel, R. I. (1991). The impact of dysfunctional families on college students’ development. New Directions for Student Services, 54, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.37119915403
Yang, F., & Oka, T. (2022). The role of mindfulness and attachment security in facilitating resilience. BMC Psychology, 10, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00772-1
Zarei, S., & Fooladvand, K. (2022). Family functioning and life satisfaction among female university students during COVID-19 outbreak: The mediating role of hope and resilience. BMC Women’s Health, 22, 493. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02103-3
Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Che, X., & Duan, W. (2016). Protective effect of self-compassion to emotional response among students with chronic academic stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1802. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01802
