Academic Scientific JournalsPsychobiological risk assessment in emergency medical service drivers: study protocol for structural equation modeling
Keywords:
emergency, drivers, health, stress management, biocentricAbstract
Background
Job stress can lead to several complications including physical, psychological, and behavioral consequences. Emergency medical services (EMS) drivers are more likely to be exposed to stress than other occupations due to the nature of their job. High-risk driving and stress-related psychological responses can have irretrievable consequences. Therefore, increasing the amount of attention to traffic psychology and periodic psychobiological risk assessment for this group are essential. Hence, this paper tries to present how to develop a validated battery for assessing psychobiological risk assessment (PBRA) based on bio-centric health management (BHM).
Participants and procedure
The study will be conducted in two methodological and modeling phases: In the methodological phase, the psychometric properties of the Health Cube Battery (HCB) will be analyzed, and in the second phase, researchers will model BHM in Iran using a structural equation model (SEM).
Results
The study population consists of EMS drivers. The tool that will be developed in this study is an HCB, which consists of different dimensions of BHM.
Conclusions
At the end of the study, a standard HCB will be developed and validated. Also, the BHM model will be mapped based on psychobiological risk assessment for EMS drivers. Other researchers can also cross-culturally adapt and use the battery, and the model could be adopted for other contexts and cultures.
Downloads
References
Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808.
Bahadori, M., Ghardashi, F., Izadi, A. R., Ravangard, R., Mirhashemi, S., & Hosseini, S. M. (2016). Pre-hospital emergency in Iran: a systematic review. Trauma Monthly, 21, e31382. https://doi.org/10.5812/traumamon.31382.
Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2015). Grounded theory: a practical guide. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Compas, B. E. (2006). Psychobiological processes of stress and coping: Implications for resilience in children and adolescents – comments on the papers of Romeo & McEwen and Fisher et al. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.024.
Dadashzadeh, A., & Rahmani, A. (2017). Exposure to stressors among emergency medical technicians in pre-hospital emergency departments of East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Emergency Care, 1, 18–27.
Deb, S., Chakraborty, T., Chatterjee, P., & Srivastava, N. (2008). Job-related stress, causal factors and coping strategies of traffic constables. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34, 19–28.
Delshad, V., Sabzalizadeh, S., Moradian, M. J., Safarpour, H., Malekyan, L., Shemshadi, H., & Beiranvand, R. (2018). Epidemiology of accidents in Tehran emergency medical service during 2012 to 2013. Trauma Monthly, 23, e61871. https://doi. org/10.5812/traumamon.61871.
Delshad, V., Shemshadi, H., Moradian, M. J., Ahmadi, S., Malkyan, L., & Sabzalizadeh, S. (2016). The effect of applying global positioning system in ambulances on response time of Tehran emergency medical service. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 1, 125–128. https://doi.org/10.15412/J.HDQ.09010302.
Ebrahimian, A., Seyedin, H., Jamshidi-Orak, R., & Masoumi, G. (2014). Exploring factors affecting emergency medical services staffs’ decision about transporting medical patients to medical facilities. Emergency Medicine International, 2014, article 215329. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/215329.
Entekhab (2020). Head of Tehran EMS report. Retrieved from https://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/. https://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/.
Farzinnia, B., Delshad, V., Farzinnia, M., & Khankeh, H. (2018). Facilitators, causes and lesson learnt from two bus incident in Tehran-Qom Highway: a case study in Iran. Trauma Monthly, 23, e63249. https://doi.org/10.5812/traumamon.63249.
Fox, G. K., Bashford, G. M., & Caust, S. L. (1992). Identifying safe versus unsafe drivers following brain impairment: The Coorabel Programme. Disability and Rehabilitation, 14, 140–145. https://doi. org/10.3109/09638289209165850.
Golmohamadi, R., Damyar, N., Mohamadfam, I., & Faradmal, J. (2013). Study of occupational stress among Hamadan city-bus drivers, 2011. Tolooebehdasht, 12, 24–32.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2013). Multivariate data analysis. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Hair, J. F., Gabriel, M., & Patel, V. (2014). AMOS covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM): Guidelines on its application as a marketing research tool. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v13i2.2718.
Hajiamini, Z., Cheraghalipour, Z., Azad Marzabadi, E., Ebadi, A., & Norouzi Koushali, A. (2011). Comparison of job stress in military and non-military drivers in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 13, 25–30.
Hennessy, D. A., Jakubowski, R. D., & Leo, B. (2016). The impact of primacy/recency effects and hazard monitoring on attributions of other drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 39, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. trf.2016.03.001.
Heydari, A., Rad, M., Ghasemi, M. R., Sabzevari, M. T., & Rad, M. (2014). Challenges ahead of emergency medical technician graduates in the workplace in Iran: a qualitative study. Journal of Allied Health, 43, E19–E24.
Hyrkäs, K., Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, K., & Oksa, L. (2003). Validating an instrument for clinical supervision using an expert panel. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 40, 619–625. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0020-7489(03)00036-1.
Ibrahim, E. M., & Madian, A. (2011). Impact of hepatitis C on health-related quality of life in Egypt. Journal of American Sciences, 7, 430–439.
Koslowsky, M., Kluger, A. N., & Reich, M. (2013). Commuting stress: Causes, effects, and methods of coping. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Matthews, G., Desmond, P. A., Joyner, L., Carcary, B., & Gilliland, K. (1997). A comprehensive questionnaire measure of driver stress and affect. In T. Rothengatter & E. Carbonell Vaya (Eds.), Traffic and transport psychology: Theory and application (pp. 317–324). Amsterdam: Pergamon.
Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (2010). Der Baum der Erkenntnis. Die biologischen Wurzeln menschlichen Erkennens (3. Auflage) [The tree of knowledge. The biological roots of human knowledge (3rd edition]. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag.
Maturana, H. R., & Verden-Zöller, G. (2008). The origin of humanness in the biology of love. Exeter: Imprint Academic.
Mayers, A. (2013). Introduction to statistics and SPSS in psychology. London: Pearson Higher Ed. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Moradi, F., Jafari, H. A., & Hendiani, A. (2016). Investigating the effective factors on task force occupational stress of firefighting organization of Tehran municipality. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2, 622–631.
Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
National EMS (2020). Number of missions in last 24 hours based on national website report. Retrieved from http://www.115.ir.
Nia, H. S., Ebadi, A., Lehto, R. H., Mousavi, B., Peyrovi, H., & Chan, Y. H. (2014). Reliability and validity of the Persian version of Templer Death Anxiety Scale-Extended in veterans of Iran-Iraq warfare. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 29–37.
Nulty, D. D. (2008). The adequacy of response rates to online and paper surveys: What can be done? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 33, 301– 314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930701293231.
Reneman, M. F., Dijkstra, A., Geertzen, J. H. B., & Dijkstra, P. U. (2010). Psychometric properties of chronic pain acceptance questionnaires: a systematic review. European Journal of Pain, 14, 457– 465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.08.003.
Reschke, K., Kranich, U., Stoeber, F., & Neubauer, S. (2019). Training of resiliency for high stressed groups: The development and evaluation of stress management programs for elderly people and for drivers. Proceedings of the IV Leipzig-Evora Scientific Meeting in Psychology, 1st International Scientific Meeting in Psychology, 17–25.
Rose, M. S., Koshman, M. L., Ritchie, D., & Sheldon, R. (2009). The development and preliminary validation of a scale measuring the impact of syncope on quality of life. Europace, 11, 1369–1374. https:// doi.org/10.1093/europace/eup106.
Rutkow, L., Gable, L., & Links, J. M. (2011). Protecting the mental health of first responders: Legal and ethical considerations. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 39, 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2011.00567.x.
Saberinia, E., Jannat, F., & Aminizadeh, M. A. A. (2019). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on anxiety of pre-hospital emergency staff. Archives of Rehabilitation, 20, 340–349. https://doi. org/10.32598/rj.20.4.340.
Samitsch, C. (2014). Data quality and its impacts on decision-making: How managers can benefit from good data. Berlin: Springer.
Schaarschmidt, U. (2006). AVEM – ein persönlichkeitsdiagnostisches Instrument für die berufsbezogene Rehabilitation [AVEM – a personality diagnostic instrument for professional related rehabilitation]. In Arbeitskreis Klinische Psychologie in Der Rehabilitation BDP (Ed.), Psychologische Diagnostik – Weichenstellung Für Den Reha-Verlauf [Psychological diagnostics – setting the course for the Rehab process] (pp. 59–82). Bonn: Deutscher Psychologen Verlag.
Shoukri, M. M. (2010). Measures of interobserver agreement and reliability. Cleveland, OH: CRC Press.
Sterud, T., Ekeberg, Ø., & Hem, E. (2006). Health status in the ambulance services: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 6, 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-6-82.
Stück, M., Rigotti, T., & Balzer, H. U. (2005). Wie reagieren Lehrer bei Belastungen? Berufliche Bewältigungsmuster und psychophysiologische Korrelate [How do teachers react to stress? Work related coping styles and psychophysiological correlates]. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 52, 250–260.
Stueck, M. (2011). The concept of system-related stress reduction (SYSRED) in educational fields. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 29, 119–134.
Stueck, M., Delshad, V., Roudini, J., Khankeh, H., Ranjbar, M., Reschke, K., Villegas, A., Balzer, H. U., Matthews, G., & Sack, U. (2019a). Health Cube with school of empathy and stress reduction for Iranian drivers: New tools for traffic psychology and biocentric health management in Iran. Modern Care Journal, 16, e90632. https://doi.org/10.5812/modernc.90632.
Stueck, M., & Villegas, A. (2017). Evidence-based BIODANZA programmes for children (TANZPRO-Biodanza) in schools and kindergardens: Some effects on psychology, physiology, hormones, and the immune system. In V. Karkou, S. Oliver, & S. Lycouris (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of dance and wellbeing (pp. 77–98). New York: Oxford University Press.
Stueck, M., Witruk, E., & Utami, S. (2019b). Der Gesundheitswürfel: Ein Instrument zur Psychischen Gefährdungs- und Ressourcenbeurteilung im Rahmen des Biozentrischen und Betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements in Unternehmen und Institutionen [The Health Cube: an instrument for psychological risk and resource assessment within the framework of biocentric and occupational health management in companies and institutions]. In E. Witruk & S. Utami (Eds.), Educational and Rehabilitation Psychology, Vol. 8: Traumatic Experiences and Dyslexia (pp. 1–18). Berlin: Peter Lang.
Stueck, M., Witruk, E., & Utami, D. S. (2020). The biocentric approach in the occupational psychology. Unpublished manuscript.
Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012.
Toro, R. (2010). Das System Biodanza [The Biodanza system]. Hannover: Tinto-Verlag. Toro, R., & Burnod, Y. (2005). A morphogenetic model for the development of cortical convolutions. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1900–1913. https://doi. org/10.1093/cercor/bhi068.
WHO (2020). Tools guideline (Process of translation and adaptation of instruments). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_ tools/translation/en/.
