Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweThe impact of workplace harassment on the level of mental disorders: the moderating role of gender
Słowa kluczowe:
gender, mental disorders, workplace harassmentAbstrakt
Background:
Studies prove a positive relationship between mobbing in the workplace and the level of mental disorders. In the present research, it was decided to test whether gender is a moderator of the relationships under consideration. It is well known that women and men experience differences in the general clinical manifestations of certain disorders such as depression, anxiety and addiction. Furthermore, women are more likely to experience mobbing than men. Therefore, it was decided to test whether gender could be a moderator of the relationship between workplace harassment and the level of mental disorders.
Participants and procedure:
Accordingly, a survey was conducted with 220 people aged 22-65 years employed in various Polish workplaces with at least one year of work experience, including 108 women and 112 men, using tools with verified psychometric properties. These were the Negative Action Questionnaire (NAQ) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).
Results:
The analyses conducted showed that gender significantly alters the relationship between mobbing and general mental health, levels of somatic disorders, anxiety and insomnia, and symptoms of depression. In terms of psychological wellbeing, men, compared to women, have a much stronger reaction to harassment, both of a personal nature and directly aimed at the work sphere.
Conclusions:
The aforementioned relationships may find practical application in the development of effective methods for the prevention and treatment of the effects of workplace harassment.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Akar N., Anafarta N., & Sarvan F. (2011). Causes, dimensions and organizational consequences of mobbing: an empirical study. Ege Academic Review, 11, 179–191. 10.21121/eab.2011119597.
Chuchra M., & Gorbaniuk J. (2017). Znaczenie pracy zawodowej w życiu kobiet i mężczyzn [The importance of work in the lives of women and men]. Roczniki Teologiczne, 64, 213–230.
Drążkowski D., & Ganclerz M. (2022). Social perception of sexual harassment in informal relations. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 10, 227–233. 10.5114/cipp.2021.110026.
Einarsen S., & Hoel H. (2001). The Negative Acts Questionnaire: Development, validation and revision of a measure of bullying at work. Paper presented at the 9th European Congress on Work and Organisational Psychology: Globalisation-Opportunities and Threats. Prague.
Einarsen S., Hoel H., Zapf D., & Cooper C. L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: the European tradition. In S Einarsen, H Hoel, D Zafp, & C. L Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 3–30). Taylor and Francis.
Eriksen T. L. M., Hogh A., & Hansen A. M. (2016). Long-term consequences of workplace bullying on sickness absence. Labour Economics, 43, 129–150. 10.1016/j.labeco.2016.06.008.
European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS) (2001). Violence in the workplace: Women and frontline workers face higher risks. Retrieved from https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/blog/violence-in-the-workplace-women-and-frontline-workers-face-higher-risks.
EurWORK (2020). Harassment and violence at work. Retrieved from https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/industrial-relations-dictionary/harassment-and-violence-at-work.
Frąckowiak-Sochańska M. (2011). Zdrowie psychiczne kobiet i mężczyzn. Płeć społeczno-kulturowa a kategorie „zdrowia psychicznego” i „chorób psychicznych” [Women’s and men’s mental health. Socio-cultural gender and the categories of ‘mental health’ and ‘mental illness’]. Nowiny Lekarskie, 80, 394–406.
Gale S., Mordukhovich I., Newlan S., & McNeely E. (2019). The impact of workplace harassment on health in a working cohort. Frontiers in Psychology, 24, 1181. 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01181.
Hayes A. F. (2015). Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS. The Guilford Press.
Kocur D., & Mandal E. (2018). The need for power, need for influence, sense of power, and directiveness in female and male superiors and subordinates. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 6, 47–56. 10.5114/cipp.2018.72200.
Leymann H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 165–184. 10.1080/13594329608414853.
Lipińska-Grobelny A. (2021). Organizational climate and counterproductive work behaviors–the moderating role of gender. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 34, 513–525. 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01623.
Litzke S. M., & Schuh H. (2007). Stres, mobbing i wypalenie zawodowe [Stress, mobbing and job burnout]. GWP.
Matthiesen S. B., & Einarsen S. (2004). Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD among victims of bullying at work. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 32, 335–356. 10.1080/03069880410001723558.
Merecz D., & Makowska Z. (2001). Ocena zdrowia psychicznego na podstawie badań kwestionariuszami Davida Goldberga: Podręcznik dla użytkowników kwestionariuszy GHQ-12 i GHQ-28 [Assessing mental health using David Goldberg’s questionnaires: a handbook for users of the GHQ-12 and GHQ-28 questionnaires]. Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. Prof. J. Nofera.
Nabe-Nielsen K., Grynderup M. B., Lange T., Andersen J. H., Bonde J. P., Conway P. M., Garde A. H., Høgh A., Kaerlev L., Rugulies R., & Hansen Å. M. (2016). The role of poor sleep in the relation between workplace bullying/unwanted sexual attention and long-term sickness absence. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 89, 967–979. 10.1007/s00420-016-1136-4.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2018). European Union, health at a glance: Europe 2018: State of health in the EU cycle. OECD Publishing.
Power J., Brotheridge C., Blenkinsopp J., Bowes-Sperry L., Bozionelos N., Buzády Z., Chuang A, Drnevich D., Garzon-Vico A., Leighton C., Gómez S., Mak M., Mathew R., Monserrat S., Mujtaba B. G., Olivas-Luján M., Polychroniou P., Sprigg C., Axtell C., & Nnedum O. (2013). Acceptability of workplace bullying: a comparative study on six continents. Journal of Business Research, 66, 374–380, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.08.018.
Rosander M., & Blomberg S. (2019). Levels of workplace bullying and escalation–a new conceptual model based on cut-off scores, frequency and self-labelled victimization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28, 769–783, 10.1080/1359432x.2019.1642874.
Rosander M., Salin D., Viita L., & Blomberg S. (2020). Gender matters: Workplace bullying, gender, and mental health. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 560178. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560178.
Salin D. (2018). Workplace bullying and gender: an overview of empirical findings. In P D’Cruz, E Noronha, C Caponecchia, J Escartín, D Salin, & M. R Tuckey (Eds.), Dignity and inclusion at work (pp. 1–31). Springer.
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) (2023). Harassment. Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/harassment.
Warszewska-Makuch M. (2007). Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza NAQ do pomiaru mobbingu [Polish adaptation of the NAQ questionnaire to measure mobbing]. Bezpieczeństwo Pracy, 12, 16–19.
Warszewska-Makuch M. (2008). Zjawisko mobbingu wśród nauczycieli [The phenomenon of mobbing among teachers]. Bezpieczeństwo Pracy, 5, 6–9.
Zapf D., Escartìn J., Scheppa-Lahyani M., Einarsen S. V., Hoel H., & Vartia M. (2020). Empirical findings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace. In S Einarsen, H Hoel, D Zapf, & C. L Cooper (Eds.), Workplace bullying: Development in theory, research and practice (pp. 105–162). CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.
