Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweEuthymia: a neglected aspect of trait depression and its role in predicting subjective well-being
Słowa kluczowe:
depression, euthymia, dysthymia, well-being, satisfaction with lifeAbstrakt
Background
Besides its relationship with clinical depression, depressiveness may be conceptualized as a personality trait that includes dysthymia (negative emotional experiences) and euthymia (positive emotional experiences). Euthymia, when reverse scored, makes the construct of trait depression more sensitive to milder levels of depressiveness observed in non-clinical samples. We hypothesised that euthymia is a more important predictor of subjective wellbeing than dysthymia and this effect is retained when basic positive and negative affect are controlled.
Participants and procedure
Participants were 213 adults (56% females) aged between 19 and 61 (M = 35.85, SD = 11.30). They completed selfreport measures of: (a) euthymia and dysthymia as two facets of trait depression, (b) satisfaction with life, and (c) positive and negative affect.
Results
The results showed that positive affect and euthymia contributed independently to explaining the variance of satisfaction with life, but the predictive role of euthymia was stronger. In contrast, dysthymia turned out not to predict satisfaction with life when controlled for basic affect and euthymia.
Conclusions
Theoretical implications of the results are discussed with their applications for counselling and clinical practice. We point to the need of monitoring the level of euthymia in the prevention programmes against depression, which is in line with the well-established role of positive interventions in psychotherapy and counselling.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Allen, M. S., Magee, C. A., & Vella, S. A. (2016). Personality, hedonic balance and the quality and quantity of sleep in adulthood. Psychology & Health, 31, 1091–1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2016. 1178745.
Bąk, W., & Łysiak, M. (2018, July 17-21). Measurement of depressive emotions in non-clinical samples. Polish adaptation of STDS [Poster presentation]. 19th European Conference on Personality, Zadar, Croatia.
Bąk, W., & Oleś, P. K. (2005). Polish adaptation of the State-Trait Depression Scales [Unpublished manuscript]. Institute of Psychology, Catholic University of Lublin, Poland.
Brzozowski, P. (2010). Skala uczuć pozytywnych i negatywnych SUPIN. Polska adaptacja skali PANAS Davida Watsona i Lee Anny Clark [SUPIN – positive and negative affect scale. Polish adaptation of PANAS by David Watson and Lee Anna Clark]. Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association.
Caprara, G. V., & Steca, P. (2006). The contribution of self-regulatory efficacy beliefs in managing affect and family relationships to positive thinking and hedonic balance. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 603–627. https://doi.org/10.1521/ jscp.2006.25.6.603.
Carandang, R. R., Shibanuma, A., Kiriya, J., Asis, E., Chavez, D. C., Meana, M., Murayama, H., & Jimba, M. (2019). Determinants of depressive symptoms in Filipino senior citizens of the communitybased ENGAGE study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 82, 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. archger.2019.02.014.
Cattell, R. B., & Scheier, I. H. (1960). Stimuli related to stress, neuroticism, excitation, and anxiety response patterns: Illustrating a new multivariate experimental design. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/ h0046347.
Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9, 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952.
Derdikman‐Eiron, R., Indredavik, M. S., Bratberg, G. H., Taraldsen, G., Bakken, I. J., & Colton, M. (2011). Gender differences in subjective well‐being, self‐esteem and psychosocial functioning in adolescents with symptoms of anxiety and depression: Findings from the Nord‐Trøndelag health study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52, 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00859.x.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.95.3.542.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. https://doi.org/ 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
Dolphin, K. E., Steinhardt, M. A., & Cance, J. D. (2015). The role of positive emotions in reducing depressive symptoms among army wives. Military Psychology, 27, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/ mil0000062.
Fava, G. A., & Bech, P. (2016). The concept of euthymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441244.
Feldman, G. C., Joormann, J., & Johnson, S. L. (2008). Responses to positive affect: a self report measure of rumination and dampening. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10608-006-9083-0.
Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science & Medicine, 45, 1207–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277- 9536(97)00040-3.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56. 3.218.
Gargiulo, R. A., & Stokes, M. A. (2009). Subjective well-being as an indicator for clinical depression. Social Indicators Research, 92, 517–527. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11205-008-9301-0.
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 849–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cpr.2010.03.002.
Goldberg, J. F., & Harrow, M. (2005). Subjective life satisfaction and objective functional outcome in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 89, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.08.008.
Juczyński, Z. (2012). Narzędzia pomiaru w promocji i psychologii zdrowia [Measurement tools in health promotion and psychology]. Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association.
Krohne, H. W., Schmukle, S. C., Spaderna, H., & Spielberger, C. D. (2002). The state-trait depression scales: an international comparison. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 15, 105–122. https://doi. org/10.1080/10615800290028422.
Lamers, S. M. A., Bolier, L., Westerhof, G. J., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012). The impact of emotional well-being on long-term recovery and survival in physical illness: a meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 538–547. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10865-011-9379-8.
Łysiak, M., & Bąk, W. (2018, July 2–4). Eutymia vs dystymia a jakość życia. Badania populacji klinicznej i zdrowej [Euthymia vs. dysthymia and the quality of life. Study on the clinical and healthy samples]. Paper presented at the Third Conference of Positive Psychology, Warsaw, Poland.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: a five-factor theory perspective. 2nd ed. Guilford Press.
Nelis, S., Holmes, E. A., & Raes, F. (2015). Response styles to positive affect and depression: Concurrent and prospective associations in a community sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 480–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9671-y.
Nezlek, J. B. (2007). A multilevel framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations and behaviours. European Journal of Personality, 21, 789–810. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.640.
Raes, F., Schoofs, H., Griffith, J. W., & Hermans, D. (2012). Rumination relates to reduced autobiographical memory specificity in formerly depressed patients following a self-discrepancy challenge: The case of autobiographical memory specificity reactivity. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 1002–1007. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.03.003.
Rao, S. K., Wallace, L. M. K., Theou, O., & Rockwood, K. (2017). Is it better to be happy or not depressed? Depression mediates the effect of psychological well-being on adverse health outcomes in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32, 1000–1008. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4559.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.
Schimmack, U. (2003). Affect measurement in experience sampling research. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 79–106. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:102366 1322862.
Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well‐ being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice‐ friendly meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593.
Smith, J. L., & Hollinger-Smith, L. (2015). Savoring, resilience, and psychological well-being in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 19, 192–200. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.986647.
Spielberger, C. D. (2006). Cross-cultural assessment of emotional states and personality traits. European Psychologist, 11, 297–303. https://doi.org/ 10.1027/1016-9040.11.4.297.
Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C. (2009). Assessment of emotions: Anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity. Applied Psychology: Health and WellBeing, 1, 271–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758- 0854.2009.01017.x.
Spielberger, C. D., Ritterband, L. M., Reheiser, E. C., & Brunner, T. M. (2003). The nature and measurement of depression. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 3, 209–234. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2_23.
Spinhoven, P., Elzinga, B. M., Giltay, E., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2015). Anxious or depressed and still happy? PLoS One, 10, 1–17. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139912.
Stillmaker, J., & Kasser, T. (2013). Instruction in problem-solving skills increases the hedonic balance of highly neurotic individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 380–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10608-012-9466-3.
Van Beveren, M. L., Harding, K., Beyers, W., & Braet, C. (2018). Don’t worry, be happy: The role of positive emotionality and adaptive emotion regulation strategies for youth depressive symptoms. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 18–41. https://doi. org/10.1111/bjc.12151.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063– 1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219.
Werner-Seidler, A., Banks, R., Dunn, B. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2013). An investigation of the relationship between positive affect regulation and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.11.001.
Wood, A. M., & Joseph, S. (2010). The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: a ten year cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122, 213–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.032.
Xu, Y., Yu, Y., Xie, Y., Peng, L., Liu, B., Xie, J., Bian, C., & Li, M. (2015). Positive affect promotes well-being and alleviates depression: The mediating effect of attentional bias. Psychiatry Research, 228, 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.011.
