Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweVolunteerism in the last year as a moderator between empathy and altruistic social value orientation: an exploratory study
Słowa kluczowe:
altruism, empathy, social value orientation, volunteerism, young adultsAbstrakt
Background
Volunteerism is a sustained prosocial activity, and young adults are one of the most important targets for organizations recruiting volunteers. Empathy and altruistic social value orientation measured by a decomposed game are dispositional traits that might foster engagement in volunteerism.
Participants and procedure
Using a self-report online-based questionnaire study on two groups of young adults (aged 18-35, N = 224 nonvolunteers and N = 178 volunteers in the last year) the relationship between empathy and altruistic social value orientation in both of these groups was explored.
Results
The results showed that volunteers scored significantly higher on empathy and altruistic social value orientation than non-volunteers. In non-volunteers, empathy is positively linked to altruistic social value orientation, whereas for volunteers the relationship is inversed.
Conclusions
The results provide evidence that volunteers, when high on empathy, might not necessarily be ready to share financial resources with others, as operationalized by a decomposed game.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Abele, A. E., & Wojciszke, B. (2007). Agency and communion from the perspective of self versus others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 751–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.751.
Barraza, J. A. (2011). Positive emotional expectations predict volunteer outcomes for new volunteers. Motivation and Emotion, 35, 211–219. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11031-011-9210-4.
Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Slingsby, J. K., Harrell, K. L., Peekna, H. M., & Todd, R. M. (1991). Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.413.
Batson, C. D., Dyck, J. L., Brandt, J. R., Batson, J. G., Powell, A. L., McMaster, M. R., & Griffitt, C. (1988). Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 52–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.52.
Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., & Stocks, E. L. (2015). The empathy-altruism hypothesis. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 259–268). Oxford University Press.
Boling, A. L. (2005). Volunteer motivations across the lifespan [Doctoral dissertation]. The Claremont Graduate University.
Brunell, A. B., Tumblin, L., & Buelow, M. T. (2014). Narcissism and the motivation to engage in volunteerism. Current Psychology, 33, 365–376. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9216-7.
Bussell, H., & Forbes, D. (2002). Understanding the volunteer market: The what, where, who and why of volunteering. Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing, 7, 244–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.183.
Carlo, G. (2006). Care-based and altruistically based morality. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 551–579). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Carlo, G., Eisenberg, N., Troyer, D., Switzer, G., & Speer, A. L. (1991). The altruistic personality: In what contexts is it apparent? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 450–458. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.450.
Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: a social psychological approach. Westview.
Davis, M. H., Hall, J. A., & Meyer, M. (2003). The first year: Influences on the satisfaction, involvement, and persistence of new community volunteers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 248– 260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239050.
Davis, M. H., Mitchell, K. V., Hall, J. A., Lothert, J., Snapp, T., & Meyer, M. (1999). Empathy, expectations, and situational preferences: Personality influences on the decision to participate in volunteer helping behaviors. Journal of Personality, 67, 469–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00062.
Dovidio, J. F. (1991). The empathy-altruism hypothesis: Paradigm and promise. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 126–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0202_4.
Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., Schroeder, D. A., & Penner, L. A. (2006). The social psychology of prosocial behavior. Psychology Press.
Dwiggins-Beeler, R., Spitzberg, B., & Roesch, S. (2011). Vectors of volunteerism: Correlates of volunteer retention, recruitment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, 2, 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpoc.20074.
Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Fleck, S., Bahnemann, M., Heekeren, H. R., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2008). Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 464–473. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0486-x.
Edele, A., Dziobek, I., & Keller, M. (2013). Explaining altruistic sharing in the dictator game: The role of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and justice sensitivity. Learning and Individual Differences, 24, 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.12.020.
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91–119. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91.
Farrelly, D., & Bennett, M. (2018). Empathy leads to increased online charitable behaviour when time is the currency. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 28, 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/ casp.2339.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.
Findley, D., & Ojanen, T. (2013). Agentic and communal goals in early adulthood: Associations with narcissism, empathy, and perceptions of self and others. Self and Identity, 12, 504–526. https://doi. org/10.1080/15298868.2012.694660.
Finkelstein, M. A., Penner, L. A., & Brannick, M. T. (2005). Motive, role identity, and prosocial personality as predictors of volunteer activity. Social Behavior and Personality, 33, 403–418. https://doi.org/ 10.2224/sbp.2005.33.4.403.
Francis, J. E. (2011). The functions and norms that drive university student volunteering. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 16, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.390.
Freeman, R. B. (1997). Working for nothing: The supply of volunteer labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 15, S140–S166. https://doi.org/10.1086/209859.
Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Lüdtke, O., & Neberich, W. (2014). Agency‐communion and interest in prosocial behavior: Social motives for assimilation and contrast explain sociocultural inconsistencies. Journal of Personality, 82, 452–466. https:// doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12076.
Hartenian, L. S., & Lilly, B. (2009). Egoism and commitment: a multidimensional approach to under standing sustained volunteering. Journal of Managerial Issues, 21, 97–118.
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
Hustinx, L. (2001). Individualisation and new styles of youth volunteering: an empirical exploration. Voluntary Action, 3, 57–76.
Jankowiak-Siuda, K., Kantor-Martynuska, J., Siwy-Hudowska, A., Śmieja, M., Dobrołowicz-Konkol, M., Zaraś-Wieczorek, I., & Siedler, A. (2017). Psychometric properties of a Polish adaptation of short form of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-Short). Psychiatria Polska, 51, 197–734. https://doi.org/10.12740/ pp/64270.
Jasielska, D., Prusik, M., & Rajchert, J. (2019). ‘I will help but not everybody’ – Donating to charity in a deficit vs. growth condition: The importance of well-being. Studia Psychologica, 61, 230–244. https://doi.org/10.21909/sp.2019.04.785.
Jasielska, D., & Rajchert, J. (2020). When is happy also prosocial? The relationship between happiness and social orientation depends on trust, agency and communion. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 8, 309–316. https://doi.org/10.5114/ cipp.2020.101494.
Janoski, T., Musick, M., & Wilson, J. (1998). Being volunteered? The impact of social participation and pro-social attitudes on volunteering. Sociological Forum, 13, 495–519. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1022131525828.
Kee, Y. H., Li, C., Wang, J. C., & Kailani, M. I. B. (2018). Motivations for volunteering and its associations with time perspectives and life satisfaction: a latent profile approach. Psychological Reports, 121, 932– 951. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117741653.
Klimecki, O. M., Mayer, S. V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff, J., & Schönenberg, M. (2016). Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports, 6, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961.
Konrath, S., Ho, M. H., & Zarins, S. (2016). The strategic helper: Narcissism and prosocial motives and behaviors. Current Psychology, 35, 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9417-3.
Laurent, S. M., & Hodges, S. D. (2009). Gender roles and empathic accuracy: The role of communion in reading minds. Sex Roles, 60, 387–398. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11199-008-9544-x.
Lauterbach, O., & Hosser, D. (2007). Assessing empathy in prisoners – a shortened version of the interpersonal reactivity index. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 66, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421- 0185.66.2.91.
Lenhard, W., & Lenhard, A. (2016). Calculation of effect sizes. Retrieved from https://www.psychometrica.de/effect_size.html Lönnqvist, J. E., & Walkowitz, G. (2019). Experimentally induced empathy does not affect monetarily incentivized dictator game behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00337.
Lönnqvist, J. E., Walkowitz, G., Verkasalo, M., & Wichardt, P. C. (2011). Situational power moderates the influence of self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement values on behavior in ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 336–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.03.003.
MacNeela, P. (2008). The give and take of volunteering: Motives, benefits, and personal connections among Irish volunteers. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 19, 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9058-8.
Maki, A., Dwyer, P. C., & Snyder, M. (2016). Time perspective and volunteerism: The importance of focusing on the future. The Journal of Social Psychology, 156, 334–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022 4545.2015.1090946.
Marta, E., Manzi, C., Pozzi, M., & Vignoles, V. L. (2014). Identity and the theory of planned behavior: Predicting maintenance of volunteering after three years. The Journal of Social Psychology, 154, 198– 207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2014.881769.
Mateiu-Vescan, R., Ionescu, T., & Opre, A. (2020). Reconsidering volunteering: Individual change as a result of doing good for others. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-020-00247-0.
McClintock, C. G., & Allison, S. T. (1989). Social value orientation and helping behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 353–362. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00060.x.
Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A., & Monin, B. (2010). Moral self-licensing: When being good frees us to be bad. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 344– 357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00263.x.
Messick, D. M., & McClintock, C. G. (1968). Motivational bases of choice in experimental games. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(68)90046-2.
Mowen, J. C., & Sujan, H. (2005). Volunteer behavior: a hierarchical model approach for investigating its trait and functional motive antecedents. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15, 170–182. https:// doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1502_9.
Murphy, R. O., & Ackermann, K. A. (2014). Social value orientation: Theoretical and measurement issues in the study of social preferences. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 13–41. https://doi. org/10.1177/1088868313501745.
Murphy, R. O., Ackermann, K. A., & Handgraaf, M. (2011). Measuring social value orientation. Judgment and Decision Making, 6, 771–781. http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.1804189.
Musick, M. A., & Wilson, J. (2007). Volunteers: a social profile. Indiana University Press.
Nowakowska, I. (2020a). Prosociality in relation to developmental tasks of emerging adulthood. Psychologia Rozwojowa, 25, 15–25. https://doi.org/ 10.4467/20843879PR.20.024.13432.
Nowakowska, I. (2020b). Social Value Orientation Slider Measure by Murphy et al. (2011). Instruction in Polish. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/ 10.17605/OSF.IO/BRDQ7.
Nowakowska, I. (2021). Age, frequency of volunteering, and present-hedonistic time perspective predict donating items to people in need, but not money to combat COVID-19 during lock-down. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144- 021-01993-0.
Omoto, A. M., & Packard, C. D. (2016). The power of connections: Psychological sense of community as a predictor of volunteerism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 156, 272–290. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00224545.2015.1105777.
Omoto, A. M., & Snyder, M. (1995). Sustained helping without obligation: motivation, longevity of service, and perceived attitude change among AIDS volunteers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 671–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.68.4.671.
Pavey, L., Greitemeyer, T., & Sparks, P. (2012). “I help because I want to, not because you tell me to”: Empathy increases autonomously motivated helping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 681– 689. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211435940.
Penner, L. A. (2002). Dispositional and organizational influences on sustained volunteerism: an interactionist perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 447–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00270.
Penner, L. A., & Finkelstein, M. A. (1998). Dispositional and structural determinants of volunteerism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 525– 537. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.525.
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365–392. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56. 091103.070141.
Persson, B. N., & Kajonius, P. J. (2016). Empathy and universal values explicated by the empathy-altruism hypothesis. The Journal of Social Psychology, 156, 610–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545. 2016.1152212.
Rehberg, W. (2005). Altruistic individualists: Motivations for international volunteering among young adults in Switzerland. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 16, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-005-5693-5.
Sharabany, R., & Bar-Tal, D. (1982). Theories of the development of altruism: Review, comparison and integration. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 5, 49–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 016502548200500103.
Shields, P. O. (2009). Young adult volunteers: Recruitment appeals and other marketing considerations. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21, 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495140802528658.
Silfver, M., Helkama, K., Lönnqvist, J. E., & Verkasalo, M. (2008). The relation between value priorities and proneness to guilt, shame, and empathy. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 69–80. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11031-008-9084-2.
Snyder, M., & Ickes, W. (1985). Personality and social behavior. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 883–947). Random House.
Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2007). Social action. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: a handbook of basic principles (pp. 940– 961). Guilford Press.
Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2008). Volunteerism: Social issues perspectives and social policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 2, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00009.x.
Stolinski, A., Ryan, C., Hausmann, L., & Wernli, M. (2004). Empathy, guilt, volunteer experiences, and intentions to continue volunteering among buddy volunteers in an AIDS organization. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 9, 1–22. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2004.tb00089.x.
Udipi, S., Veach, P. M., Kao, J., & LeRoy, B. S. (2008). The psychic costs of empathic engagement: Personal and demographic predictors of genetic counselor compassion fatigue. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 17, 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10897-008-9162-3.
Van Lange, P. A., Bekkers, R., Schuyt, T. N., & Vugt, M. V. (2007). From games to giving: Social value orientation predicts donations to noble causes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29, 375–384. https://doi. org/10.1080/01973530701665223.
Veludo-de-Oliveira, T. M., Pallister, J. G., & Foxall, G. R. (2015). Unselfish? Understanding the role of altruism, empathy, and beliefs in volunteering commitment. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 27, 373–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10495142.2015.1080504.
Wakabayashi, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Goldenfeld, N., Delaney, J., Fine, D., Smith, R., & Weil, L. (2006). Development of short forms of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-Short) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ-Short). Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 929–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. paid.2006.03.017.
Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. soc.26.1.215.
Yeung, J. W. (2017). Religious involvement and participation in volunteering: Types, domains and aggregate. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28, 110–138. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9756-6.
