Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweSatisfaction with job and life and remote work in the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of perceived stress, self-efficacy and self-esteem
Słowa kluczowe:
COVID-19, home office, personal resources, stress, subjective well-beingAbstrakt
Background
The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between performing remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic and the level of job and life satisfaction, as well as the assumed, intermediary role of the level of perceived stress and such resources as self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Participants and procedure
The study, implemented with the use of an internet application, included 283 employees. Data were gathered using a job and life satisfaction scale, the Short Scale for Measuring General Self-Efficacy Beliefs, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Perceived Stress Scale PSS-4 and a demographic information form.
Results
The results showed the existence of a relationship between performing remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic and job and life satisfaction, and that the level of perceived stress, self-efficiency and self-esteem plays an intermediary role in this relationship. Remote working is associated with life and job satisfaction, and this relationship is mediated by levels of experienced stress, self-efficacy and selfesteem.
Conclusions
Findings indicate that remote working is associated with higher levels of job and work satisfaction. This relationship is mediated by levels of perceived stress, self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. CEPR COVID Economics, 4, 62–85. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26947.
Anderson, A. J., Kaplan, S. A., & Vega, R. P. (2015). The impact of telework on emotional experience: When, and for whom, does telework improve daily affective well-being? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 882–897. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.966086.
Atroszko, B., Swarra, A., & Sendal, L. (2017). A comparison of general education students and special education students in terms of self-efficacy and hopelessness. In M. McGreevy & R. Rita (Eds.), CER Comparative European Research 2017: Proceedings, Research Track of the 7th Biannual CER Comparative European Research Conference (pp. 124–127). Sciemcee Publishing.
Atroszko, P. A. (2015). The structure of study addiction: Selected risk factors and the relationship with stress, stress coping and psychosocial functioning (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Gdansk.
Bailey, D., & Kurland, N. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/ job.144.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.84. 2.191.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman Company. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1.
Bandura, A. (2006). Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006. 00011.x.
Bańka, A. (2002). Społeczna psychologia środowiskowa [Environmental social psychology]. Scholar.
Bańka, A., & Orłowski, K. (2014). Makiawelizm nauczycieli jako przyczyna i skutek kryzysu zawodowego oraz funkcjonalnego szkoły [Machiavellianism of teachers as a cause and effect of professional and functional school crisis]. In K. Popiołek, A. Bańka, & K. Balawajder (Eds.), Społeczna psychologia stosowana. Człowiek w obliczu zagrożeń współczesnej cywilizacji [Applied social psychology. Human being in the face of threats of contemporary civilization] (pp. 196–209). Stowarzyszenie Psychologia i Architektura.
Bargsted, M., Ramírez-Vielma, R., & Yeves, J. (2019). Professional self-efficacy and job satisfaction: The mediator role of work design. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 35, 157–163. https://doi. org/10.5093/jwop2019a18.
Baumeister, R., Campbell, J., Krueger, J., & Vohs, K. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529- 1006.01431.
Beam, C., & Kim, A. (2020). Psychological sequelae of social isolation and loneliness might be a larger problem in young adults than older adults. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 58–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/ tra0000774.
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of social psychological attitudes, Vol. 1. Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115–160). Academic Press.
Bosson, J. K., Swann, Jr, W. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit selfesteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.631.
Çakar, F. S. (2012). The relationship between the selfefficacy and life satisfaction of young adults. International Education Studies, 5, 123–130. https:// doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n6p123.
Cantril, H. (1965). Pattern of human concerns. Rutgers University Press. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396. https://doi. org/10.2307/2136404.
Connolly, J. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2000). The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00192-0.
Culbertson, S., Fullagar, C., & Mills, M. (2010). Feeling good and doing great: The relationship between psychological capital and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020720.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.95.3.542.
Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1995). The wealth of nations revisited: Income and quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 36, 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF01078817.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403–425. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.psych.54.101601.145056.
Droit-Volet, S., Gil, S., Martinelli, N., Andant, N., Clinchamps, M., Parreira, L., Rouffiac, K., Dambrun, M., Muguet, P., Dubuis, B., Pereira, B., COVISTRESS network, Bouillon, J. B., & Dutheil, F. (2020). Time and COVID-19 stress in the lockdown situation: Time free, “dying” of boredom and sadness. PLoS One, 15, e0236465. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0236465.
Dzwonkowska, I., Lachowicz-Tabaczek, K. & Łaguna, M. (2008). Samoocena i jej pomiar. Polska adaptacja skali SES M. Rosenberga [Self-esteem and its measurement. Polish adaptation of Rosenberg’s SES scale]. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych.
Fílardí, F., de Castro, R. M., & Zaníní, M. T. F. (2020). Advantages and disadvantages of teleworking in Brazilian public administration: Analysis of SERPRO and federal revenue experiences. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 18, 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679- 395174605x.
Finset, A., Bosworth, H., Butow, P., Gulbrandsen, P., Hulsman, R. L., Pieterse, A. H., & van Weert, J. (2020). Effective health communication – a key factor in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient Education and Counseling, 103, 873–876. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.03.027.
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.92.6.1524.
Grover, S., Sahoo, S., Mehra, A., Avasthi, A., Tripathi, A., Subramanyan, A., Pattojoshi, A., Rao, G., Saha, G., Mishra, K., Chakraborty, K., Rao, N., Vaishnav, M., Singh, O., Dalal, P., Chadda, R., Gupta, R., Gautam, S., Sarkar, S., & Rao, T. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: an online survey from India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 354–362. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry. IndianJPsychiatry_427_20.
Harth, N. S., & Mitte, K. (2020). Managing multiple roles during the COVID-19 lockdown: Not men or women, but parents as the emotional “loser in the crisis”. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.4347.
Hayman, J. (2010). Flexible work schedules and employee well-being. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 35, 76–87.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2006). Stres, kultura i społeczność. Psychologia i filozofia stresu [Stress, culture and community. Psychology and philosophy of stress]. Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 257–268. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.257.
Kaduk, A., Genadek, K., Kelly, E. L., & Moen, P. (2019). Involuntary vs. voluntary flexible work: Insights for scholars and stakeholders. Community, Work & Family, 22, 412–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/136 68803.2019.1616532.
Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 219–233. https://doi. org/10.1080/17439760802303044.
Kivimäki, M., & Kalimo, R. (1996). Self-esteem and the occupational stress process: Testing two alternative models in a sample of blue-collar workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.1.2.187.
Konarski, R. (2010). Modele równań strukturalnych. Teoria i praktyka [Structural equation models. Theory and practice]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Laguna, M., Razmus, W., & Żaliński, A. (2017). Dynamic relationships between personal resources and work engagement in entrepreneurs. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90, 248–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12170.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. Springer. Lipińska-Grobelny, A. (2014). Psychological determinants of portfolio workers’ satisfaction with life. Health Psychology Report, 2, 280–290. https://doi. org/10.5114/hpr.2014.46696.
Liu, H., Zhang, X., Chang, R., & Wang, W. (2017). A research regarding the relationship among intensive care nurses’ self-esteem, job satisfaction and subjective well-being. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 4, 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijnss.2017.06.008.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist, 56, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56. 3.239.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803– 855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803.
Maggiori, C., Johnston, C. S., & Rossier, J. (2016). Contribution of personality, job strain, and occupational self-efficacy to job satisfaction in different occupational contexts. Journal of Career Development, 43, 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0894845315597474.
Mishra, U. S., Patnaik, S., & Mishra, B. B. (2016). Augmenting human potential at work: an investigation on the role of self-efficacy in workforce commitment and job satisfaction. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 13, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.17512/ pjms.2016.13.1.13.
Molino, M., Ingusci, E., Signore, F., Manuti, A., Giancaspro, M. L., Russo, V., Zito, M., & Cortese, C. G. (2020). Wellbeing costs of technology use during COVID-19 remote working: an investigation using the Italian translation of the Technostress Creators Scale. Sustainability, 12, 5911. https://doi. org/10.3390/su12155911.
Oakman, J., Kinsman, N., Stuckey, R., Graham, M., & Weale, V. (2020). A rapid review of mental and physical health effects of working at home: How do we optimise health? BMC Public Health, 20, 1825. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09875-z.
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0963721414547414.
Pajares, F. (2002). Gender and perceived self-efficacy in self-regulated learning. Theory into Practice, 41, 116– 125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_8.
Peng, Y., & Mao, C. (2015). The impact of person-job fit on job satisfaction: The mediator role of selfefficacy. Social Indicators Research, 121, 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0659-x.
Peplińska, A., Kawalec, K., Godlewska-Werner, D., & Połomski, P. (2020). Work engagement, organizational commitment and the work satisfaction of tax administration employees: The intermediary role of organizational climate and silence in the organizations. Human Resources Management, 3–4, 127–151. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1678.
Ping, W., Zheng, J., Niu, X., Guo, C., Zhang, J., Yang, H., & Shi, Y. (2020). Evaluation of health-related quality of life using EQ-5D in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One, 15, e0234850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234850.
Pracuj.pl. (2020). Pół roku nowej normalności. Pracownicy i kandydaci o rynku pracy [Six months of a new normal. Workers and candidates on the labour market]. Retrieved from https://prowly-uploads.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/uploads/4091/ assets/244900/original-b2ad8a15654b658a9a3f5e09c22c505d.pdf.
Rossi, A., Panzeri, A., Pietrabissa, G., Manzoni, G. M., Castelnuovo, G., & Mannarini, S. (2020). The anxiety-buffer hypothesis in the time of COVID-19: When self-esteem protects from the impact of loneliness and fear on anxiety and depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2177. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.02177.
Rożnowski, B., Biela, A., & Bańka, A. (2006). Praca i organizacja w procesie zmian [Work and organisation in the change process]. Stowarzyszenie Psychologia i Architektura.
Rożnowski, B., & Kot, P. (2016). Przenoszenie przekonania o własnej skuteczności w nową rolę życiową: model moderacyjny i mediacyjny [Projecting self-efficacy beliefs to a new role in life: mediation model]. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 22, 205–218. https://doi.org/10.14691/CPPJ.22.2.205.
Rayle, A. D., Arredondo, P., & Kurpius, S. E. R. (2005). Educational self-efficacy of college women: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83, 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00356.x.
Reynolds, D. L., Garay, J. R., Deamond, S. L., Moran, M. K., Gold, W., & Styra, R. (2008). Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiology and Infection, 136, 997–1007. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0950268807009156.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent selfimage. Princeton University Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.psych.52.1.141.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719.
Schiffrin, H., & Nelson, S. (2010). Stressed and happy? Investigating the relationship between happiness and perceived stress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902- 008-9104-7.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2002). Psychologia a wyzwania dzisiejszej pracy [Psychology and the challenges of today’s work]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Building human strength: Psychology’s forgotten mission. APA Monitor, 29, 2.
Skalski, S., Uram, P., Dobrakowski, P., & Kwiatkowska, A. (2020). Thinking too much about the novel coronavirus. The link between persistent thinking about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 anxiety and trauma effects. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 8, 169–174. https://doi.org/10.5114/ cipp.2020.100094.
Smith, B. G., Smith, S. B., & Knighton, D. (2018). Social media dialogues in a crisis: a mixed-methods approach to identifying publics on social media. Public Relations Review, 44, 562–573. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.07.005.
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). Terror management theory of self-esteem. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective (pp. 21–40). Pergamon Press.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240–261. https://doi. org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240.
Super, S., Pijpker, R., & Polhuis, K. (2020). The relationship between individual, social and national coping resources and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands. Health Psychology Report, 9, 186–192. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr. 2020.99028.
Susilo, D. (2020). Revealing the effect of work-fromhome on job performance during the COVID-19 crisis: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business & Government, 26, 23–40. https://doi.org/10.47750/cibg.2020.26.01.002.
Van Sell, M., & Jacobs, S. M. (1994). Telecommuting and the quality of life: a review of the literature and a model for research. Telematics and Informatics, 11, 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-5853(94)90033-7.
Vittersø, J., Akselsen, S., Evjemo, B., Julsrud, T. E., Yttri, B., & Bergvik S. (2003). Impacts of home-based telework on quality of life for employees and their partners. Quantitative and qualitative results from a European survey. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 201–233. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024490621548.
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. (2021). Individual differences and changes in subjective wellbeing during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76, 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/ amp0000702.
Zhang, L. F., Fu, M., & Li, D. T. (2020). Hong Kong academics’ perceived work environment and job dissatisfaction: The mediating role of academic selfefficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112, 1431–1443. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000437.
Zhang, W., Meng, H., Yang, S., & Liu, D. (2018). The influence of professional identity, job satisfaction, and work engagement on turnover intention among township health inspectors in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph15050988.
