Animalizm jako usprawiedliwienie dla morderstwa: David Grann i Czas krwawego księżyca. Zabójstwa Indian Osagów i narodziny FBI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26881/bp.2022.4.04Słowa kluczowe:
ludobójstwo rdzennych Amerykanów, Raphael Lemkin, Zitkala-Ša, David Grann, Sterling HolyWhiteMountain, Joy HarjoAbstrakt
Artykuł analizuje książkę z gatunku dziennikarstwa śledczego Czas krwawego księżyca. Zabójstwa Indian Osagów i narodziny FBI autorstwa Davida Granna, która zgłębia kwestię serii morderstw dokonanych na bezbronnych członkach plemienia Osage, jakie miały miejsce w północno-wschodniej Oklahomie w latach 1918-1931. Książka Granna ujawnia, jak biali obywatele, ranczerzy i mieszkańcy miast sprzysięgli się przeciwko swoim rdzennym amerykańskim sąsiadom w ramach szeroko zakreślonego spisku, w zakresie którego stosowano truciznę, podpalenie, oszustwo i sfałszowanie aktów zgonu. Bezpośrednim motywem tych zbrodni była chciwość, wywołana zyskami ze złóż ropy naftowej odkrytych na terenach, gdzie Osage zostali przeniesieni po stuleciu zerwanych pokojowych traktatów i innych niedoli. Ponadto artykuł rozważa, w jaki sposób rzekoma „zwierzęcość” ofiar była wykorzystywana do zatajania i usprawiedliwiania ludobójczych tendencji wobec rdzennych plemion. Co więcej, współczesne świadectwa rdzennych Amerykanów świadczą o ich poczuciu nierealności, wynikającym z niejasnego statusu i dziwacznego egzystowania osoby zredukowanej do statusu ducha. W szerszej perspektywie artykuł podejmuje temat kolonizacji Ameryki i jej wpływu na rdzenne plemiona, które już znacznie wcześniej zamieszkiwały te ziemie. Poniżająca metafora Indian jako dzikich zwierząt ustąpiła miejsca bardziej przyswajalnej koncepcji Szlachetnego Dzikusa, ale oskarżenie o bestialstwo wróciło, kiedy plemiona walczyły o to, by ocalić swój dotychczasowy tryb życia. Kolonizatorzy uważali, że nie uprawiając ziemi i nie budując większych, solidnych społeczności, rdzenne plemiona wyrzekły się praw do ziemi; ci, którzy stawiali opór, zostali oznaczeni jako szkodnicy, aby usprawiedliwić ich nieuniknione wy-korzenienie. Artykuł przywołuje rzadko przytaczane świadectwa, sięgające historii stłumienia irlandzkiej rebelii w 1652 roku, aby zbadać rozmaite przypadki, w których język odgrywał ważną rolę w uzasadnianiu rzekomej animalności rdzennych mieszkańców w celu ich likwidacji, by zrobić miejsce dla popieranych przez rząd osadników.
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