Academic Scientific JournalsPesco as the Modern Defense Initiative of the European Union: Positions of Western European Countries vs Positions of Eastern European Countries
Keywords:
European Union, Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), securityAbstract
The EU member states’ modern security initiatives, realized by the defence alliance for Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) have been found out. PESCO implementation process was initiated and headed by France and Germany. The countries proposed a step-by-step approach to strengthening defence capabilities and operational commitments to increase the overall defence efforts of United Europe. Allegedly, nowadays there are many practical problems and challenges on the way to the successful implementation of PESCO. Its successful overcoming will be facilitated by the ability of initiator countries to deal with short-term operational issues. The differences in the strategic culture and models of European defence, the long-term priorities of some member states also will have significant importance for the longterm perspective of the successful functioning of PESCO.
Downloads
References
A European Defence Fund: €5.5 billion per year to boost Europe's defence capabilities (2017). European Commission. Press release data base. Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressrelease_IP-17-1508_en.htm. [Access: 2019-05-13].
Allen, N., Mulholland, R., (2017), Angela Merkel Says Europe Can No Longer Rely on US or UK – and Must ‘Fight for Its Own Destiny’. The Telegraph. [Online]. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/28/angela-merkel-says-europe-can-no-longerrely-us-uk-must-fight/ [Access: 2019-07-25].
Apetroe, A.C., Gheorghe, D., (2018), EU-NATO cooperation: Is PESCO the answer to the balance of EU’S regional priorities? UA: Ukraine Analytika. 3(13). Available at: http://ukraineanalytica.org/wp-content/uploads/Gheorghe.pdf. [Access: 2019-07-05].
Beckmann, R., Kempin R., (2017), EU Defence Policy Needs Strategy: Time for Political Examination of the CSDP’s Reform Objectives. SWP Cpmments. Dutch Institute for International Politics. Vol. 1-3. Available at: https://www.swpberlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2017C34_ban_kmp.pdf. [Access: 2019-05-13].
Billon-Galland, A., Quencez, M., (2017), Can France and Germany make PESCO work as a process toward EU defence? The German Marshall Fund of the United States. Policy Brief. Available at: http://www.gmfus.org/publications/can-france-and-germany-make-pescowork-process-toward-eu-defence [Access: 2019-04-20].
Blockmans, S., (2018), The EU’s modular approach to defence integration: an inclusive, ambitious and legally binding PESCO? Common Market Law Review. 55: 1785–1826. Available at: https://www.ceps.eu/system/files/Publication-Journal-20181122-StevenBlockmans-PESCO.pdf [Access: 2019-03-05].
Boháček, P., (2018), PESCO: essential step for the resurrection of European defence. European Security Journal. Available at: https://www.esjnews.com/pesco-european-defence [Access: 2019-05-26].
Camporini, V., Hartley, K., Maulny, J.-P., Zandee, D., (2017), European preference, strategic autonomy and the European Defence Fund. Report. #22. The Armament Industry European Research Group (Ares Group). Available at: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2017-11/Ares-22-Report-Nov-2017.pdf. [Access: 2019-07-25].
Council Conclusions on Implementing the EU Global Strategy in the Area of Security and Defence (2016), European Council. Council of the European Union. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/11/14/conclusions-euglobal-strategy-security-defence/ [Access: 2019-05-13].
DeMint, H., (2018), EU-NATO Relations: A Future of Cooperation or Conflict? University of Washington. Available at: http://eucenter.scrippscollege.edu/wpcontent/uploads/files/2018/03/EU-NATO-Relations-Hope-DeMint.pdf. [Access: 2019-05-13].
Drent, M., (2018), European strategic autonomy: Going it alone? Clingendael. Policy Brief. The Netherlands Institute of International Relations. Available at: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/PB_European_Strategic_Autonomy.pdf [Access: 2019-04-10].
European Council meeting (14 December 2017) – Conclusions (2017). European Council. Council of the European Union. Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/32204/14-final-conclusions-rev1-en.pdf]. [Access: 2019-05-13].
European Council meeting (22 and 23 June 2017) - Conclusions (2017). European Council. Council of the European Union. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/23985/22-23-euco-final-conclusions.pd. [Access: 2019-05-13].
France, De O., Major, C., Sartori, P., (2017), How to make PESCO a success. Policy Paper.#21. The Armament Industry European Research Group (Ares Group). Available at: https://www.iris-france.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Ares-21-Policy-Paper-Sept2017.pdf. [Access: 2019-07-25].
Gotkowska, J. (2017) The CSDP’s Renaissance. Challenges and Opportunities for the Eastern Flank. OSW Commentary. [Online]. Available at: https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2017-06-28/csdps-renaissance-challenges-andopportunities-eastern-flank. [Access: 2019-07-25].
Gotkowska, J., (2018), The trouble with PESCO. The mirages of European Defence. Point of View 69. Centre for Eastern Studies. Available at: https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/pw_69_pesco_ang_net.pdf [Access: 2019-05-15].
Hepher, T., Thomas, L., (2017), France and Germany to develop new European fighter jet. Reuters. [Online]. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-germanydefence/france-and-germany-to-develop-new-european-fighter-jet-idUSKBN19Y1FJ [Access: 2019-04-03].
Howorth, J., (2018), EU-NATO Cooperation and Strategic Autonomy: Logical Contradiction or Ariadne’s Thread? KFG Working Paper Series. No. 90. Available at: https://www.polsoz.fuberlin.de/en/v/transformeurope/publications/working_paper/wp/WP_90_Howorth/WP_90_Howorth_WEB.pdf. [Access: 2019-07-25].
Joint Declaration on EU-NATO Cooperation by the President of the European Council, the President of the European Commission, and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2018). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_156626.htm. [Access: 2019-05-13].
Kempin, R., Kunz, B., (2017), France, Germany and the Quest for European Strategic Autonomy, Notes du Cerfa 141. Available at: https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ndc_141_kempin_kunz_france_germany_european_strategic_autonomy_dec_2017.pdf. [Access: 2019-07-25].
Keohane, D., (2017), The Defence Policies of Italy and Poland: A Comparison. CSS Analyses in Security Policy. No. 219. Available at: http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/services/digitallibrary/articles/article.html/90633b69-d719-4ac6-bd0c-6fd73c0c8533 [Access: 2019-07-25].
Koenig, N., Walter-Franke, M., (2017), France and Germany: spearheading a European security and defence union? Jacques Delors Institut. Policy Paper 202. Available at: https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/franceandgermanyspearheadingaeuropeansecurityanddefenceunion-koenigwalter-jdibjuly2017.pdf [Access: 2019-05-23].
Letter of intent concerning the development of a European intervention initiative (EI2) (2018). Available at: https://www.bmvg.de/resource/blob/25706/099f1956962441156817d7f35d08bc50/20180625-letter-of-intent-zu-der-europaeischeninterventionsinitiative-data.pdf. [Access: 2019-05-13].
Moldovan, O., (2017), “Istorychnyi samit” Yevropeiskoi rady: naslidky dlia Ukrainy. Mind.ua. Available at: https://mind.ua/openmind/20173535-istorichnij-samit-evropejskoyi-radinaslidki-dlya-ukrayini [Access: 2019-05-13].
Muti, K., (2018), Poland: The Missing Link in European Defence. IAI Commentaries. 18|48. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). Available at: https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/polandmissing-link-european-defence. [Access: 2019-07-25].
Permanent Structured Cooperation – PESCO. Deepening Defence Cooperation among EU Member States (2019). #EU Defence. [Online]. Available at: https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/pesco_factsheet_may_2019.pdf. [Access: 2019-07-25].
Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). FR/DE/ES/IT Proposals on the necessary commitments and elements foran inclusive and ambitious PESCO, supported by BE, CZ, FI and NL. (2017). Letter by the Ministry of Defence of France, Germany, Italy and Spain to the HR, Available at: http://club.bruxelles2.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2017/08/principescommuns-pesco-propfrallespita@ue170721.pdf. [Access: 2019-07-25].
Reflection paper on the future of European defence, (2017), European Commission. Available at: https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/reflection-paper-defence_en_1_0.pdf. [Access: 2019-05-13].
Seitz, S., (2018), PESCO’s Prospects: Tracing the Path of EU Defence Reform and Considering the Future of Permanent Structured Cooperation. Politics in Theory and Practice. Available at: https://politicstheorypractice.com/2018/02/05/pescos-prospects-tracing-the-path-ofeu-defence-reform-and-considering-the-future-of-permanent-structured-cooperation/[Access: 2019-05-13].
Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe. A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy, (2016), Brussels: European Union External Action Service. Available at: http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf. [Access: 2019-05-13].
Speech by President Jean-Claude Juncker at the Defence and Security Conference Prague: In defence of Europe, (2017), European Commission – Speech. Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-17-1581_en.htm [Access: 2019-05-26].
Varga, G., (2017), Towards European Strategic Autonomy? Evaluating the New CSDP Initiatives. KKI Studies. Series of the Institute for Foreign Affairs and Trade. Available at: https://kki.hu/assets/upload/07_KKI-Studies_CSDP_VargaG_20171003.pdf [Access: 2019-05-13].
