Academic Scientific JournalsDistribution and speciation of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and P in surface sediments of Lake Mariut, Egypt
Keywords:
heavy metals, chemical speciation, risk assessment, phosphorus, sediment, Lake MariutAbstract
Lake Mariut is suffering from pollution as it receives industrial effluents and a mix of sewage from different drains, often lacking treatment systems. Sequential extraction procedures were applied for the speciation of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb) and P in the lake sediment to evaluate their potential bioavailability. Total concentrations of metals had low values compared with the sediment quality guidelines. The chemical speciation data for Mn and Zn indicate a potential pollution level since the non-residual fractions contain up to 77.6 and 64.9% (respectively) of the total metal content. However, Fe, Cu and Pb are mostly linked to the inert fraction. Risk assessment of metals was carried out using the mobility factor, the contamination factor, the risk assessment code and the enrichment factor. All the analytical approaches indicated the accumulation of pollutants exceeding the adsorptive capacity of Lake Mariut sediments. The organic phosphorus fractions dominated in the sediment accounting for 51.4%, while the most abundant form of inorganic phosphorus was Ca-bound phosphorus. The rank order of P fractions was HCl-P > NaOH-P > BD-P > NH4Cl-P > Res-P. The decrease both in the dissolved oxygen level in the lake water and the Fe:P ratio in the lake sediment resulted in the high contribution of the phosphorus fractions to the overlying water.
Downloads
References
Abdel-Satar, A.M. & Goher, M.E. (2009). Nutrient status and phosphorus speciation of Manzalah Lake sediment, Egypt. Thalassia Sal. 32: 3-16.
Abdel-Satar, A.M. & Goher, M.E. (2015). Heavy metals fractionation and risk assessment in surface sediments of Qarun and Wadi El-Rayan Lakes, Egypt. Environ. Monit. Assess. 187: 346. DOI 10.1007/s10661-015-4592-5.
Abdel-Satar, A.M. & Sayed M.F. (2010). Sequential fractionation of phosphorus in sediments of El-Fayum Lakes- Egypt. Environ. Monit. Assess. 169(1-4):169-178.
Akcay, H., Oguz, A. & Karapire, C. (2003). Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments. Water Res. 37: 813-822.
Anshumali & Ramanathan, A.L. (2007). Phosphorus fractionation in surficial sediments of Pandoh Lake, Lesser Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India. Appl. Geochem. 22: 1860-1871.
Aydin, F., Saydut, A. & Hamamci, C. (2009). A sequential extraction to determine the distribution of phosphorus in the seawater and marine surface sediment. J. Hazard. Mater. 186: 664-669.
CCME (2001). Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Introduction. Updated. In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg.
Donia, N. (2016). Water Quality Modelling of Northern Lakes Case Study (Egyptian Northern Lakes), In M. Nageeb Rashed (Ed.), Lake Sciences and Climate Change. In Tech, DOI: 10.5772/63526. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/lake-sciences-and-climatechange/water-quality-modelling-of-northern-lakes-casestudy-egyptian-northern-lakes-
El-Rayis, O.E. (2005). Impact of man’s activities on a closed fishing-lake, Lake Mariut in Egypt, as a case study. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10: 145-157.
El-Shabrawy, G.M. & Goher M.E. (2011). Limnology of the Nile Delta Lakes. In P.E. Schmidt (Ed.). River Deltas: Types, Structures and Ecology (pp. 35-52). Nova Science Publishers, New York.
Fytianos, K. & Kotzakioti, A. (2005). Sequential fractionation of phosphorus in lake sediments of Northern Greece. Environ. Monit. Assess. 100: 191-200.
Fytianos, K. & Lourandou, A. (2004). Chemical speciation of elements in sediment samples collected at lakes Volvi and Koronia, N. Greece. Environ. Int. 30: 11-17.
Gao, X., Arthur Chen, C.T., Wang, G., Xue, Q., Tang, C. et al. (2010) Environmental status of Daya Bay surface sediments inferred from a sequential extraction technique. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 86(3): 369-378.
Gu, J., Salem, A & Chen, Z. (2013). Lagoons of the Nile delta, Egypt, heavy metal sink: With a special reference to the Yangtze estuary of China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 117: 282-292.
Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Bristow, C.S., Cibin, G., Maso, G. & Peacock, C.L. (2014). Solid-phase phosphorus speciation in Saharan Bodélé Depression dusts and source sediments. Chem Geol 384: 16-26.
Huu, H.H., Rudy, S. & Damme, A.V. (2010). Distribution and contamination status of heavy metals in estuarine sediments near Cau Ong Harbor, Ha Long Bay, Vietnam. Geol. Belg. 13(1-2): 37-47.
Khairy, H.M., Shaltout, K.H., El-Sheekh, M.M. & Eassa, D.I. (2015). Algal Diversity of the Mediterranean Lakes in Egypt. In International Conference on Advances in Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences (AABES-2015), 22-23 July 2015, London (UK).
Khalil, M.K., El Zokm, G.M., Fahmy, M.A., Said, T.O. & Shreadah, M.A. (2013). Geochemistry of some major and trace elements in sediments of Edku and Mariut lakes, North Egypt. World Applied Sciences Journal 24(3): 282-294.
Kljakovic-Gašpic, Z., Bogner, D. & Ujevic, I. (2009). Trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni) in sediment of the submarine pit Dragon ear (Soline Bay, Rogoznica, Croatia). Environ. Geol. 58: 751-760.
Kumar R.N., Solanki, R. & Nirmal Kumar, J.I. (2012). Geochemistry of Sabarmati River and Kharicut Canal, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. IJES 2(4): DOI:10.6088/ijes.00202030074.
Lesmes, L.E. (1996). Estudio de un factor de movilidad en geoquímica ambiental. Environ. Geochem. In Tropical Countries. 2nd International Symposium. Cartagena, Colombia.
Malecki, L.M., White, J.R. & Reddy, K.R. (2007). Soil biogeochemical characteristics influenced by alum application in a municipal waste water treatment wetland. J. Environ. Qual. 36(6): 1904-1913.
Masoud, M.S., Fahmy, M.A., Ali, A.E. & Mohamed, E.A. (2011). Heavy metal speciation and their accumulation in sediments of Lake Burullus, Egypt. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5(4): 280-298.
Moore, F., Nematollahi, M.J. & Keshavarzi, B. (2015). Heavy metals fractionation in surface sediments of Gowatr bay-Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess. 187(1): 4117. DOI:10.1007/s10661-014-4117-7.
Murphy, J. & Riley, J. (1962). A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta. 27: 31-36.
Nowrouzi, M. & Pourkhabbaz, A. (2014). Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Chem. Spec. Bioavailab. 26(2): 99-105.
Ogunfowokan, A.O., Oyekunle, J.A.O., Olutona, G.O., Atoyebi, A.O. & Lawal, A. (2013). Speciation study of heavy metals in water and sediments from Asunle River of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. IJEP 3(3): 6-16.
Ong, M.C., Menier, D., Shazili, N.A.M. & Kamaruzzama, B.Y. (2013). Geochemical characteristics of heavy metals concentration in sediments of Quiberon Bay Waters, South Brittany, France. Orient. J. Chem. 29(1): 39-45.
Paludan, C. & Jensen, H.S. (1995). Sequential extraction of phosphorus in freshwater wetland and lake sediment: significance of humic acids. Wetlands 15(4): 365-373.
Perin, G., Craboledda, L., Lucchese, M., Cirillo, R., Dotta, L. et al. (1985). Heavy metal speciation in the sediments of northern Adriatic Sea. A new approach for environmental toxicity determination. In T. D. Lakkas (Ed.), Heavy Metals in the Environment (pp. 454-456). Edinburgh: CEP Consultants.
Pettersson, K., Bostrom, B. & Jacobsen, O. (1988). Phosphorus in Sediments – speciation and analysis. Hydrobiologia 170: 91-101.
Rao, C.R.M., Sahuquilloa, A. & Sanchez, J.F.L. (2008). A review of the different methods applied in environmental geochemistry for single and sequential extraction of trace elements in soils and related materials. Water Air Soil Poll. 189: 291-333.
Rauret, G. (1998). Extraction procedures for the determination of heavy metals in contaminated soil and sediment. Talanta 46: 449-455.
Ribeiro, D.C., Martins, G., Nogueira, R., Cruz, J.V. & Brito, A.G. (2008). Phosphorus fractionation in volcanic lake sediments (Azores-Portugal). Chemosphere 70: 1256-1263.
Saad, M.A.H. (1980). Eutrophication of Lake Mariut, a heavily polluted lake in Egypt. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
Saad, M.A.H. (2003). Impact of diffuse pollution on the Socioeconomic development opportunities in the coastal Nile Delta Lakes, Diffuse Pollution Conference Dublin 2003.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry 51(7), 844-851.
Topc, A. & Pulatsü, S. (2008). Phosphorus fractions in sediment profiles of the eutrophic Lake Mogan, Turkey. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 17(2): 164-172.
Turekian, K.K. & Wedepohl, K.H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 72(2): 175-192.
Wang, L., Mei, Y., Li, Q., Hang, Z. & Zhoum, Y. (2013). Phosphorus speciation in wetland sediments of Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary, China. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 23(5): 574-583.
Wang, S.R., Jin, X.C., Zhao, H.C., Zhou, X.N. & Wu, F.C. (2008). Effects of organic matter on phosphorus release kinetics in different trophic lake sediments and application of transition state theory. J. Environ. Manag. 88(4): 845-852.
Yahaya, M.I., Jacob, A.G., Agbendeh, Z.M., Akpan, G.P. & Kwasara, A.A. (2012). Seasonal potential toxic metals contents of Yauri river bottom sediments: North western Nigeria. J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol. 4(12): 212-221.
Yuan, C.G., Shi, J.B., He, B., Liu, J.F., Liang, L.N. et al. (2004). Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with sequential extraction. Environ. Int. 30(6): 769-783.
Zhang, R., Wang, L., Wu, F. & Song, B. (2013). Phosphorus speciation in the sediment profile of Lake Erhai, southwestern China: Fractionation and 31P NMR. J. Environ. Sci. 25(6): 1124-1130.
Zhou, Q., Gibson, C.E. & Zhu, Y. (2001). Evaluation of phosphorus bioavailability in sediments of three contrasting lakes in China and the UK. Chemosphere 42(2): 221-225.
Zhu, G.W., Qin, B.Q., Zhang, L. & Luo, L.C. (2006). Geochemical forms of phosphorus in sediments of three large, shallow lakes in China. Pedosphere 16(6): 726-734.
