Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweThe structure of child temperament as measured by the Polish versions of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire and the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire: insight from the network psychometrics approach
Słowa kluczowe:
temperament, structure, network analysis, middle childhoodAbstrakt
Background
The model proposed by Rothbart is one of the most frequently used models to describe children’s temperament. However, the structure of temperamental traits in children is not unambiguous. We examine this structure in children from 3 to 10 years of age using two different measures in a less often studied cultural context (i.e., central Europe), and using a recently developed and still less common approach to study the internal structure of scales (i.e., network psychometrics).
Participants and procedure
This paper examines the structure of temperamental dimensions in children using two different measures – the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ) – in two studies conducted on children aged 4-7 years (N = 178; CBQ) and aged 7-10 years (N = 189; TMCQ). We verified the structural validity of these measures with a bootstrapped exploratory graph analysis, which represents the network psychometric approach.
Results
Network psychometric analysis supported differentiation of three factors of temperamental traits in both groups of children. In addition, the construct validity of these instruments was supported through correlations of the temperament factors measured by the CBQ and the TMCQ with Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, and Shyness scales measured with the EAS Temperament Survey; and through confirmation of expected gender differences in the CBQ and TMCQ factors.
Conclusions
Our findings support a three-factor solution of temperamental traits in children representing Negative Affectivity, Effortful Control, and Surgency.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., & Ye, R. M. (1993). Child temperament in the U.S. and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7, 359–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070506.
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Erlbaum.
Christensen, A. P., & Golino, H. F. (2019). Estimating the stability of the number of factors via bootstrap exploratory graph analysis: a Monte Carlo simulation and tutorial. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9deay.
Cozzi, P., Putnam, S. P., Ersilia, M., Gartstein, M. A., Aureli, T., & Montirosso, R. (2013). Cross-cultural differences in fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: United States of America (U.S.) and Italy. Infant Behavior and Development, 36, 480–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.03.014.
Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 33–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33.
Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2008). Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso. Biostatistics, 9, 432–441. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/biostatistics/kxm045.
Gartstein, M. A., Knyazev, G. G., & Slobodskaya, H. R. (2005). Cross-cultural differences in the structure of infant temperament: United States of America (U.S.) and Russia. Infant Behavior & Development, 28, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.09.003.
Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 64–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00169-8.
Golino, H. F., & Epskamp, S. (2017). Exploratory graph analysis: a new approach for estimating the number of dimensions in psychological research. PLoS One, 12, e0174035. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174035.
González-Peña, P., Paredes-Gázquez, J. D., Carrasco, M. A., & Holgado-Tello, F. P. (2015). Dimensionality of the temperament in Spanish children: negative affectivity, effortful control, and extraversion. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 25, 1–19.
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447.
Klein, V. C., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2010). Temperament and child development: Systematic review of the literature. Psicologia em Estudo, 15, 821–829. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722010000400018.
Kochanska, G., DeVet, K., Goldman, M., Murray, K., & Putnam, S. P. (1994). Maternal reports of conscience development and temperament in young children. Child Development, 65, 852–868. https:// doi.org/10.2307/1131423.
Kotelnikova, Y., Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., Kryski, K. R., & Hayden, E. P. (2016). Higher- and lower-order factor analyses of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire in early and middle childhood. Psychological Assessment, 28, 92–108. https://doi. org/10.1037/pas0000153.
Kotelnikova, Y., Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., Mackrell, S. V. M., & Hayden, E. P. (2017). Higher and lower order factor analyses of the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24, 1050–1061. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116639376.
Lauritzen, S. L. (1996). Graphical models. Oxford University Press.
Leyfer, O., John, A. E., Woodruff-Borden, J., & Mervis, C. B. (2012). Factor structure of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire in children with Williams syndrome. Journal Autism Dev Disorder, 42, 2346– 2353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1482-3.
Mervielde, I., & De Pauw, S. S. W. (2012). Models of child temperament. In M. Zentner & R. L. Shiner (Eds.), Handbook of temperament (pp. 21–40). The Guilford Press.
Montirosso, R., Cozzi, P., Putnam, S. P., Gartstein, M. A., & Borgatti, R. (2011). Studying crosscultural differences in temperament in the first year of life: United States of America and Italy. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410368944.
Nystrom, B., & Bengtsson, H. (2017). A psychometric evaluation of the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ) in a Swedish sample. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58, 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12393.
Oniszczenko, W. (2015). Kwestionariusz Temperamentu EAS Arnolda H. Bussa i Roberta Plomina. Wersje dla dorosłych i dla dzieci. Adaptacja polska [Arnold H. Buss’ and Robert Plomin’s EAS Temperament Survey for adults and children. Polish adaptation]. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
Putnam, S. P., Ellis, L. K., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001). The structure of temperament from infancy through adolescence. In A. Eliasz & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Advances in research on temperament (pp. 165–182). Pabst Science.
Putnam, S. P., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Development of Short and Very Short forms of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15327752jpa8701_09.
Roberts, J. E., Tonnsen, B. L., Robinson, M., McQuillin, S. D., & Hatton, D. D. (2014). Temperament factor structure in fragile X syndrome: The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 563–571. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.11.024.
Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569–578. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129176.
Rothbart, M. K. (2011). Becoming who we are: Temperament and personality in development. The Guilford Press.
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.12.2
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at 3-7 years: The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394–1408. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1467-8624.00355.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament in children’s development. In W. Damon, R. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 99–166). Wiley.
Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 37–86). Erlbaum.
Simonds, J. (2006). The role of reward sensitivity and response: Execution in childhood extraversion (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Oregon.
Sleddens, E. F., Kremers, S. P., Candel, M. J., De Vries, N. N., & Thijs, C. (2011). Validating the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire in Dutch children: Psychometric properties and a cross-cultural comparison of factor structures. Psychological Assessment, 2, 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022111.
Strelau, J. (2018). Temperament. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Springer. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_446-1.
Yang, Z., Algesheimer, R., & Tessone, C. A. (2016). Comparative analysis of community detection algorithms on artificial networks. Scientific Reports, 6, 30750. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30750#.
