Evolution and changes of tourism in Macedonia in the post-socialist period (1991–2018)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.3.04Keywords:
tourism development, evolution, TALC model, post-socialist period, MacedoniaAbstract
The study provides a historical and contextual analysis of the evolution of tourism in Macedonia. The time scope is defined as the period between 1991 and in 2018. The study investigates the tourism development in Macedonia in the post-socialist period of the country, using the Butler (1980) Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) model as an analytical tool. The model provides a framework to explain the complex processes of the development and changes in tourism in the country over the years. For this purpose, an analysis of secondary data sources is implemented to find the changes in the evolutionary stages of tourism development. The findings show that tourism in Macedonia is in a stage of development, and that it has not yet reached the consolidation stage. Lastly, the study offers a better understanding of how tourism in Macedonia is changing in the complex post-socialist period.
Downloads
References
Aguiló E., Alegre J., Sard M., 2005, The persistence of the sun and sand tourism model, Tourism Management, 26(2), 219–231. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.004.
Banaszkiewicz M., Graburn N., Owsianowska S., 2016, Tourism in (Post) socialist Eastern Europe, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 15(2), 109–121. doi:10.1080/14766825.2016.1260089.
Butler R.W., 1980, The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources, Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5–12. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x.
Candela G., Figini P., 2012, The economics of tourism destinations, Springer-Verlag Publications, Berlin and Heidelberg.
Choy D.J.L., 1992, Life cycle models of Pacific island destinations, Journal of Travel Research, 30(3), 26–31. doi:10.1177/004728759203000304.
Christaller W., 1964, Some considerations of tourism locations in Europe: The peripheral regions-underdeveloped countries-recreation areas, Papers in Regional Science 12(1), 95–105. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5597.1964.tb01256.x.
De Camillis C., Raggi A., Petti L., 2010, Tourism LCA: State-ofthe-art and perspectives, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15(2), 148–155. doi:10.1007/s11367-009-0139-8.
Din K.H., 1992, The “Involvement Stage” in the evolution of a tourist destination, Tourism Recreation Research, 17(1), 10–20. doi:10.1080/02508281.1992.11014637.
Getz D., 1992, Tourism planning and the destination life cycle, Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 752–770. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90065-W.
Gosar A., 2012, Tourism in post-socialist countries of Southeastern Europe: Trends and challenges, [in:] C.H.C. Hsu, W.C. Gartner (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Research, Publishing House “Routledge”, Abingdon-Oxon, 373–391.
Haywood K.M., 1986, Can the tourist-area life cycle be made operational? Tourism Management, 7(3), 154–167. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(86)90002-6.
Haywood K.M., 1992, Revisiting resort cycle, Annals of Tourism Research, 19(2), 351–354. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90088-7.
Hovinen G.R., 2002, Revisiting the destination lifecycle model, Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 209–230. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00036-6.
Hwang L., 2017, Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle and Its Expansion to the Creative Economy, [in]: L.L. Lowry (ed.), The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and Tourism, SAGE Publications Inc., London. doi:10.4135/9781483368924.n81.
Iliev D, Mijalov R., Kitevski G., 2014, Dynamics and level of development of the tourism sector in the Republic of Macedonia in conditions of transition and market economy, [in:] Proceedings of the 3rd REDETE Conference of economic development and entrepreneurship in transition economies: Challenges in the business environment, barriers and challenges for economic and business development, Faculty of Economics University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, 476–486.
Iliev D., 2010, Tourism in function of the integral development of the Republic of Macedonia [doctoral dissertation – unpublished], Institute of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje.
Iliev, D., Kitevski, G., 2016, Transitional privatization of tourist enterprises-the main reason for non-competition and slow tourism development in the Republic of Macedonia, [in:] Proceedings of the 5th REDETE Conference of economic development and entrepreneurship in transition economies: Is free trade working for transitional and developing economies?, Faculty of Economics University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, 391–401.
MakStat database, State Statistical Office, http://makstat.stat. gov.mk/PXWeb/pxweb/en/MakStat/MakStat__TirizamUgostitel__Turizam (accessed 20 June 2019). National strategy for tourism: Republic of Macedonia, 2016, Kohl & Partner, Skopje.
National strategy on tourism development 2009–2013, 2009, Ministry of Economy, Skopje.
Prideaux B., 2000, The resort development spectrum: A new approach to modeling resort development, Tourism Management, 21(3), 225–240. doi:10.1016/s0261-5177(99)00055-2.
Smith A.R., 1992, Beach resort evolution: Implications for planning, Annals of Tourism Research, 19(2), 304–322. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90083-2.
Spatial plan of the Republic of Macedonia: Spatial planning strategy, 2004, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Skopje.
Stansfield C., 1978, Atlantic City and the resort cycle: Background to the legalization of gambling, Annals of Tourism Research, 5(2), 238–251. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(78)90222-0.
Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Macedonia, 2013, State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje.
Tourism in the Republic of Macedonia, 2006-2010. Statistical review: Transport, tourism and other services, 2011, State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje.
Tourism in the Republic of Macedonia, 2008-2012. Statistical review: Transport, tourism and other services, 2013, State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje.
Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2007, furthering the process of economic development, 2007, The World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2008, balancing economic development and environmental sustainability, 2008, The World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2009, managing in a time of turbulence, 2009, The World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2011, beyond the downturn, 2011, The World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2013, reducing barriers to economic growth and job creation, 2013, The World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2015, growth through shocks, 2015, The World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2017, paving the way for a more sustainable and inclusive future, 2017, The World Economic Forum, Geneva.
Uysal M., Woo E., Singal M., 2012, The tourist area life cycle (TALC) and its effect on the quality-of-life (QOL) of destination community, [in:] M. Uysal, R. Perdue, M. J. Sirgy (eds.), Handbook of tourism and quality-of-life research: Enhancing the lives of tourists and residents of host communities, Springer Science & Business Media Publications, London, 423–443.
Weaver D.B., 2006, The ‘plantation’ variant of the TALC in the small-island Caribbean, [in:] R.W. Butler (ed.), The tourism area life cycle, vol. 1: Applications and modifications, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, 185–197.
Williams A.M., Baláž V., 2001, Tourism in transition: Economic change in Central Europe (Tourism, Retailing and Consumption), I.B. Tauris, London.
Williams M.T., 1993, An expansion of the tourist site cycle model: The case of Minorca (Spain), Journal of Tourism Studies, 4(2), 24–32.