Coronovirus Covid-19 like a trigger of sovereignization
Keywords:
Sovereignization, Emergency Challenges, Decline of Democracy, Pandemic of COVID-19, Neopatrimonialism, Patron ClientelismAbstract
Pandemic of COVID-19 has already become a historical event, aftermath of which revealed the disability of suprastate institutions and international organizations to take flash decisions in order to save life of an average person. These circumstances determined the aim of the article to unite theoretical and applied researches of interdependence between emergency situations and sovereignization. It has been determined that the common trait of these practices is the decline of democratic freedoms and processes because of life values reappraisal. The article also considers the reasons of reconstruction of neopatrimonialism in post-soviet countries during the Pandemic.
Downloads
References
Agamben, Dz., ([1998] 2011), Homo sacer. Suverennaya vlast i golaya zhizn [from Rus.: Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life], Moskva, Izdatelstvo «Evropa».
Agamben, Dz., ([2003] 2011), Homo sacer. Chrezvyichaynoe polozhenie [from Italian: Homo Sacer. Stato di eccezione], available online at http://abuss.narod.ru/Biblio/polis/agamben_hs2-1.htm
Bussell, J., (2019), Clients and Constituents: Political Responsiveness in Patronage Democracies Modern South Asia. Oxford: University Press.
Carothers, Th., (2002), The End of the Transition Paradigm, in Journal of Democracy, National Endowment for Democracy and The Johns Hopkins University Press, 13:1, 5-21.
Chervonenko, V., (2020), Donbas na karantyni: «DNR» zakryvaie punkty propusku cherez koronavirus, Rosiia ne puskaie [from Ukr.: Donbass in quarantine: «DNR» closes checkpoints because of a coronavirus, Russia doesn’t let], BBC News, 20.3.20, available online at https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-51974270
Cukierman A., (2021), Effectiveness of collective action against the pandemic: Is there a difference between democratic and authoritarian regimes?, in CEPR Discussion Paper No. 15791, available online at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176521001178
Donetsk Institute Information, (2021), COVID-19 in the propaganda of «DNR» and «LNR», available online at https://dii.dn.ua/analytics/157-covid-19-v-propagandi-dnr-ta-lnr
Druzenko, H., (2020), Derzhavnyi perevorot, yakoho my ne pomityly [from Ukr.: A coup d’etat, which we did not notice], Hvylya.net, 5.4.2020, available online at https://hvylya.net/analytics/204095-derzhavniy-perevorot-yakogo-mi-ne-pomitili
Dw.com., (2021), Izolovani v «DNR»: yak i navishcho separatysty blokuiut KPVV na Donbasi, [from Ukr.: Isolated in «DNR»: how and why separatists block CPVV in Donbass], available online at https://www.dw.com/uk/vizy-i-dozvoly-yak-i-navishcho-separatysty-blokuiut-kpvvna-donbasi/a-57387177
Eisenstadt S. N., Roniger L., (1984), Patrons, clients and friends, Interpersonal relations and the structure of trust in society, Cambridge.
Gellner, E., Waterbury, J., (1977), Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies, London: Duckworth.
Glavcom.ua., (2021), Ponad 30 osib, poviazanykh iz «Kvartalom», otrymaly derzhposady [from Ukr.: More than 30 people associated with the Quarter have received government positions], available online at https://glavcom.ua/country/politics/zelenskij-za-rik-pratsevlashtuvav-u-vladi-desjatki-kvartalivtsiv-spisok-680411.html
Graziano, L., (1983), Political Clientelism and Comparative Perspectives, in International Political Science Review 4(4): 495-518.
Gov.ua., (2021), Minfin predstavliaie detalnyi analiz vykorystannia koshtiv Fondu borotby z COVID u 2020 rotsi holovnymy rozporiadnykamy [from Ukr.: The Ministry of Finance presents a detailed analysis of the use of the COVID Fund in 2020 by the main managers], available online at https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/minfin-predstavlyaye-detalnij-analiz-vikoristannya-koshtiv-fondu-borotbi-z-covid-u-2020-roci-golovnimi-rozporyadnikami
Fesenko, V., (1995), Politicheskaya elita Ukrainyi: protivorechiya formirovaniya i razvitiya [from Rus.: Political Elite of Ukraine: Contradictions of Formation and Development], in Polis (6): 87-94.
Fitzpatrick, Sh., (2014), Patronage and the Intelligentsia in Stalin’s Russia in Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History, edited by Stephen G. Wheatcroft, Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave MacMillan, 92-111.
Government portal, (2020), Postanova Kabinetu Ministriv № 211 (u redaktsii Postanovy KMU vid 2 kvitnia 2020 r. № 255) [from Ukr.: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers № 211 (as amended by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of April 2, 2020 № 255)], available online at https://www.kmu.gov.ua/npas/pro-vnesennya-zmin-do-postanovi-kabinetu-ministriv-ukrm020420ayini-vid-11-bereznya-2020-r-211
Higgs, R., ([1987] 2010), Krizis i Leviafan. Povorotnyie momentyi rosta amerikanskogo pravitelstva [from Rus.: Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government], Moskva-Chelyabinsk: IRISEN.
Inshe.tv., (2020), Germaniya i Franciya: Okkupanty ORDLO ispolzuyut koronavirus kak prikrytie [from Rus.;Germany and France: CADLO invaders use coronavirus as a cover], Inshe. tv, 31.3.2020, available online at https://inshe.tv/society/2020-03-31/519363/
Interfax, (2021), Kak COVID-19 povliyayet na vneshnyuyu politiku Evropeyskogo soyuza [from Rus.: How COVID-19 will affect the foreign policy of the European Union], available online at https://www.interfax.ru/world/709958
Karabulut G., Zimmermann K.F., Bilgin M.H. et al. (2021). Democracy and COVID-19 outcomes in Economics Letters. Volume 203, June 2021, 109840, available online at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176521001178
Kawata, J., (2006), Comparing political corruption and clientelism, Hampshire, England ; Burlington, VT : Ashgate.
Kelly, J., (2020), BBC Stories. Coronavirus: The month everything changed, 28.3.2020, available online at https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-52066956
Kitschelt, H., Wilkinson, St. I., (2007), Patrons, clients, and policies: Patterns of democraticaccountability and political competition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Korrespondent, (2020), Nova dyktatura Yevropy? Borotba Uhorshchyny z virusom. Korrespondent [from Ukr.: The new dictatorship of Europe? Hungary’s fight against the virus], 2.4.2020, available online at https://ua.korrespondent.net/world/4212635-nova-dyktatura-yevropy-borotba-uhorschyny-z-virusom
Krasner, St. D., (ed.), (2001), Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities, New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press.
Law of Ukraine, (2000), Pro zakhyst naselennia vid infektsiinykh khvorob (Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy (VVR), 2000, № 29, st. 228) [from Ukr.: About protection of the population against infectious diseases (Information of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (VVR), № 29, article of the law 228)], available online at https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1645-14#Text
Ledeneva, A. V., (2006), How Russia Really Works: The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics and Business, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Lemarchand, R., (1981), Comparative Political Clientelism: Structure, Process and Optic, in Political Clientelism, Patronage and Development, eds. S.N.Eisenstadt and R.Lemarchand, Beverly Hills, CA: 7-32.
Meison, Pol., ([2015] 2019), Postkapitalizm. Putivnyk u maibutnie [from Ukr.: PostCapitalism: A Guide to Our Future], KYIV: Nash format.
Mizes, L. fon., ([1944] 2013), Vsemogushee pravitelstvo: totalnoe gosudarstvo i totalnaya vojna [from Rus.: Omnipotent Government: The Rise of Total State and Total War], Moskva, Socium.
Moises, N., ([2013] 2017), Zanepad vlady: Vid vladnykh kabinetiv do poliv bytvy y tserkov, a potim i do derzhavy, abo chomu sohodni buty pry vladi oznachaie zovsim inshe, nizh kolys [from Ukr.: The End of Power From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States, Why Being In Charge Isn’t What It Used to Be],Kyiv: Fors Ukraina.
News.liga.net., (2020), Parlament Vengrii prodlil chrezvyichaynyie polnomochiya pravitelstva Viktora Orbana, ne ogranichiv srok ih deystviya [from Rus.: Hungarian Prime Minister Orban received indefinite emergency powers], 30.3.2020, available online at https://news.liga.net/world/news/premer-vengrii-orban-poluchil-bessrochnye-chrezvychaynye-polnomochiya
Paskvinelli, M., ([2010] 2012), Tsifrovoi neofeodalizm: krizis setevoi politiki i novaya topologiya renty [from Rus.: Paskvinelli Matteo. Digital neo-feudalism: crisis of network policy and new typology of rent], available online at http://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/12/article/161
Poiarkova T., Plotnytska I., (2019), Evolution of patron-client relations in the USSR in Ideology and politics, 3(14], Рр.11-20.
Radiosvoboda, (2021), RNBO zaprovadyla sanktsii proty Medvedchuka i yoho druzhyny [from Ukr.: The National Security and Defense Council has imposed sanctions against Medvedchuk and his wife], available online at https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-rnbo-sanktsii-medvedchuk/31111807.html
Romanova, El., (2020), Rassadnik novyih grazhdan. Nesmotrya na rezhim samoizolyatsii, v Rostovskoy oblasti prodolzhaetsya massovaya vyidacha pasportov zhitelyam «DNR» i «LNR» [from Rus.: Breeding ground for new citizens. Despite the self-isolation regime, in the Rostov region, the mass issuance of passports to residents of the «DPR» and «LPR» continues], Novayagazeta, 8.4.2020, available online at https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2020/04/08/84790-rassadnik-novyh-grazhdan
Scheidel, W., ([2017] 2020), Velikiy uravnitel [from Rus.: Scheidel, Walter. The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century 2017], available online at https://ru.bookmate.com/books/XhWaU7CV.
Shmitt, K., ([1920] 2000), Politicheskaya teologiya [from Rus.: Political theology], Moskva: «KANON-press-C».
Shmitt, K., ([1921] 2005), Diktatura. Ot istochnikov sovremennoj idei suvereniteta do proletarskoj klassovoj borby [from Rus.: Dictatorship. From the Origin of the Modern Concept of Sovereignty to the Proletarian Class Struggle], SPb: «Nauka».
Shoemaker, Ch., Spanier, J., (1984), Patron-Client State Relationships. New York, N.Y. : Praeger.
Vostok-SOS, (2020), «Viiskovi zbory» v «L/DNR» ta sytuatsiia z COVID-19: porushennia praw liudyny, zafiksovani u lystopadi [from Ukr.: «Military meeting» in «L/DNR» and the situation with COVID-19: human rights violations against, recorded in November], available online at https://vostok-sos.org/vijskovi-zbori-v-l-dnr-ta-situacziya-z-covid-19-porushennya-pravlyudini-na-tot-zafiksovani-u-listopadi/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=vijskovi-zbori-v-l-dnr-ta-situacziya-z-covid-19-porushennya-prav-lyudini-na-tot-zafiksovani-u-listopadi
Wawrzynski, P., (2013), Civil Society and Transition: The Role of Politics of Memory in the Establishment of a New Order, Questions of Civil Society: Category-Position-Functionality, Edited by Ralph Schattkowsky & Adam Jarosz, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing: 125-142.
Zhegulev, Il., (2020), Invoking Cossack Resistance, Ukrainian Mayor Defies Lockdown Measures, Reuters, 5.4.2020, available online at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coroanvirus-ukraine-mayor-idUSKBN22H1X7
a) ZN,UA, (2020), Krainy-chleny Rady Yevropy povidomliaiut pro vidstup vid deiakykh polozhen cherez pandemiiu [from Ukr.: Council of Europe member states report deviations from certain provisions due to a pandemic], ZN,UA, 31.3.2020, available online at https://dt.ua/WORLD/krayini-chleni-radi-yevropi-povidomlyayut-pro-vidstup-vid-deyakih-polozhen-yekpl-cherez-pandemiyu-342717
b) ZN,UA, (2020), Putin peredav prava vlasnosti na zemliu v Krymu rosiianam [from Ukr.: Putin handed over land ownership in Crimea to Russians], ZN,UA, 25.3.2020, available online at https://dt.ua/WORLD/putin-peredav-prava-vlasnosti-na-zemlyu-v-krimu-rosiyanam-342568_.html
UA, (2021), Presidents program «great construction or «great stealing», available online at https://www.5.ua/polityka/prohrama-prezydenta-velyke-budivnytstvo-chy-velyke-kradivnytstvo-rozsliduvannia-espreso-240480.html