Turkey's erratic foreign policy in the Middle East, 2011-2017

Autor

  • Ajdin Đidić Istanbul Sehir University
  • Srđan Mladenov Jovanović Nankai University

Słowa kluczowe:

Turkey, foreign policy, Syria, Iraq, neorealism

Abstrakt

In a neorealist approach to the subject, this paper argues that decreases within the harmony of structural, institutional and individual levels within the state (in our case, Turkey), will eventually lead to a less and less successful foreign policy. The article explores Turkey’s dyadic foreign relations primarily with Syria before and after the Arab spring, concentrating on the period of 2011 to 2017 (for comparative reasons, we have included Turkey-USA, Turkey-Saudi Arabia and Turkey-Iran relations within the research as well). It shows the slow degradation and increased lack of success within Turkey’s foreign policy during the ongoing decade.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Bibliografia

Affairs, M. o. F. (2016a). Turkey-Iran Economic and Commercial Relations. Ankara.

Affairs, M. o. F. (2016b). Turkey-Saudi Arabia Economic and Trade Relations. Ankara.

Altunışık, M.B. (2008). The Possibilities and Limits of Turkey's Soft Power in the Middle East. Insight Turkey, 10(2), pp. 41-54.

Altunışık, M.B., & Tür, Ö. (2006). From Distant Neighbors to Partners? Changing Syrian-Turkish Relations. Security Dialogue 37(2), pp. 229-248.

Al Qassemi, S. S. (2011). Turkey and Saudi Arabia: The Buildup to Syria. The World Post.

Aras, B. (2005). Turkey and the GCC: An Emerging Relationshiop. Middle East Policy, 12(4), p 89. Retrieved from http://www.mepc.org/journal/turkey-and-gcc-emerging-relationship

Aras, B., & Polat, R.K. (2008). From Conflict to Cooperation: Desecuritization of Turkey's Relations with Syria and Iran. Security Dialogue 39(5), pp. 495-515.

Ayşe, Z. (2012). Turkey and the Arab Spring: Between Ethics and Self-Interest. PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, (207).

Barkley, H. J. (2011). Turkish foreign policy and the Middle East.

Bilgin, P. (2004). A Return to ‘Civilisational Geopolitics’ in the Mediterranean? Changing Geopolitical Images of the European Union and Turkey in the Post-Cold War Era. Geopolitics, 9(2), pp. 269-291.

Copeland, D. C. (2000). The constructivist challenge to structural realism: a review essay. International security, 25(2), pp. 187-212.

Daily, I. (2008). Turkey to Invest $12b in SP. Iran Daily.

Davutoğlu, A. (2008). Turkey's Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007. Insight Turkey, 10(1).

De Mesquita, B. B., Morrow, J. D., Siverson, R. M., & Smith, A. (1999). An institutional explanation of the democratic peace. American Political Science Review, 93(4), pp. 791-807.

Defence, T. (2011). Turkey, Iran to collaborate against terrorism. TR Defence.

Demir, I. (2017). Overconfidence and Risk Taking in Foreign Policy Decision Making: The Case of Turkey’s Syria Policy: Springer.

Esch, J. (2010). Legitimizing the “War on Terror”: Political myth in official‐level rhetoric. Political Psychology, 31(3), pp. 357-391.

Fearon, J. D. (1994). Domestic political audiences and the escalation of international disputes. American Political Science Review, 88(3), pp. 577-592.

Gjorshoski, N. (2017). Secularist and Islamist constitutional and political concepctions in the modern Muslim world: the cases of Kemalist Turkey and Khomeini's Iran. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 3(1), pp. 49-62.

Gunter, M. M. (2015). Iraq, Syria, ISIS and the Kurds: geostrategic concerns for the US and Turkey. Middle East Policy, 22(1), pp. 102-111.

Hakyemez, S. (2017). Turkey’s Failed Peace Process with the Kurds: A Different Explanation. Middle East Brief 111, p 1, 2. Retrieved from https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB111.pdf.

Gursel, K. (2016). Does Erdogan believe he's on a mission from God? Al-Monitor.

Hinnebusch, R. (2015). Back to enmity: Turkey-Syria relations since the Syrian Uprising. Orient, Journal of German Orient Institute.

Jazeera, A. (2000). Iran accepts nuclear-fuel swap deal. Al Jazeera.

Jazeera, A. (2018). Egypt and Saudi Arabia say Qatar blockade will continue. Al Jazeera.

Journos. (2017). Terror attacks in turkey between 2011 and 2017.

Kadercan, P. T., & Kadercan, B. (2016). The Turkish Military as a Political Actor: Its Rise and Fall. Middle East Policy, 23(3), pp. 84-99.

Karamanoglu, Y. E. (2016). Terör Olaylarının İstatistiksel Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Statisticians: Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, 9, pp. 12-25.

Keng Kuek Ser, K. (2016). These three charts will help you understand Turkey's recent terrorist attacks. Privates und Intimes in den Medien. Opladen: Leske+ Budrich.

Kösebalaban, H. (2011). Turkish foreign policy: Islam, nationalism, and globalization: Springer.

Laçiner, S. (2003). Özalism (neo-Ottomanism): an alternative in Turkish foreign policy? Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1).

Layne, C. (1993). The unipolar illusion: Why new great powers will rise. International security, 17(4), pp. 5-51.

Mankoff, J. (2016). Russia and Turkey's Rapprochement. Foreign Affairs, 20Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/turkey/2016-07-20/russia-and-turkeys-rapprochement.

Maryland, U. C. B. (2017). Trade in Goods with Turkey.

Moustakis, F., & Chaudhuri, R. (2005). Turkish-Kurdish relations and the European Union: An unprecedented shift in the Kemalist paradigm? Mediterranean Quarterly, 16(4), pp. 77-89.

Mühlenhoff, H. (2014). Funding democracy, funding social services? The European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights in the context of competing narratives in Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(1), pp. 102-118.

Nation, T. (2012). Turkey example for Ummah, says Erdogan. The Nation.

Noi, A.Ü. (2012). The Arab Spring, its Effects on the Kurds, and the Approaches of Turkey, Iran, Syria, and Iraq on the Kurdish Issue. Middle East Review of International Affairs 16(2), pp. 15-29.

O'Bagy, E. (2013). The free Syrian army: Institute for the Study of War.

Omait, A. (2014). Turkey’s Soft Power Challenges in the Arab World. Sakarya Üniversitesi, 5(2), pp. 233-258.

Öniş, Z. (2012). Turkey and the Arab Spring: between ethics and self-interest.

Özbudun, E. (2013). Party Politics & social cleavages in Turkey: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated.

Phillips, C. (2009). Turkey, Syria’s new best friend. The Guardian, 1.

Phillips, C. (2012). Turkey's Syria problem. Juncture, 19(2), pp. 137-140.

Quilliam, N. (2017). Saudi Arabia’s Syria Policy in ‘The Syrian Imbroglio: International and Regional Strategies.’ European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies.

Rathbun, B. (2008). A rose by any other name: Neoclassical realism as the logical and necessary extension of structural realism. Security Studies, 17(2), pp. 294-321.

Review, E. (2013). Turkey's soft power. Economic Review, (3).

Robins, P. (2007). Turkish foreign policy since 2002: between a ‘post‐Islamist’government and a Kemalist state. International Affairs, 83(2), pp. 289-304.

Roussel, S., & Van Evera, S. (2001). Causes of War. Power and the Roots of Conflict. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1999, 269p. Études internationales, 32(3), pp. 577-580.

Rowe, D. M. (2005). The Tragedy of Liberalism How Globalization Caused the First World War. Security Studies, 14(3), pp. 407-447.

Schleifer, Y. (2006). Caught in the Fray: Turkey Enters Debate on Iran's Nuclear Program. Christian Science Monitor, 2.

Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for profit: Bringing the revisionist state back in. International security, 19(1), pp. 72-107.

Selçuk, O. (2016). Strong presidents and weak institutions: populism in Turkey, Venezuela and Ecuador. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), pp. 571-589.

Serif, M. (2005). Center and Periphery in the Ottoman Empire New York: Syracuse University Press.

Simon, L. (2016). These 4 Factors Help Explain Why Turkey Is Coming Under Increasing Terrorist Attack. Time Magazine.

Snyder, J. (2013). Myths of empire: Domestic politics and international ambition: Cornell University Press.

Tanır, İ. (2011). How the Arab spring is transforming Turkish–American relations. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 10(3), pp. 71-81.

Taşpınar, Ö. (2012). Turkey's strategic vision and Syria. The Washington Quarterly, 35(3), pp. 127-140.

Thongin, A. (2017). Russia amidst the Syrian Civil War. RSU International Journal of College of Government, 4(1), pp. 47-67.

Tuygan, A., & Kirişci, K. (2016). U.S.-Turkey relations under Trump may hinge more on Turkey than on Trump. Brookings.

Uzun, Ö. S. (2013). The" Arab Spring" and Its Effect on Turkish-Iranian Relations. Middle Eastern Studies/Ortadogu Etütleri, 4(2).

Van Evera, S. (1984). The cult of the offensive and the origins of the First World War. International security, 9(1), pp. 58-107.

Vasconcelos, A. (2009). Multilateralising multipolarity II: Between self-interest and a ‘responsible power’ approach. European Union Institute for Security Studies, Chaillot Paper.

Walker, J. (2011). Return of the Turks as Middle East kingmake. The Foreign Policy’s Middle East Channel, 3.

Walt, S. M. (1985). Alliance formation and the balance of world power. International security, 9(4), pp. 3-43.

Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics New York: Random House.

Weeks, J., & Tomz, M. (2017). Human Rights and Public Support for War: Stanford University.

Yildiz, U. B. (2012). Civil-Military Relations During the Period of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2), pp. 21-38.

Zakaria, F. (1999). From wealth to power: The unusual origins of America's world role: Princeton University Press.

Zalewski, P. (2011). Why Syria and Turkey Are Suddenly Far Apart on Arab Spring Protests. Time. Accessed May, 13, p 2015.

Opublikowane

2019-03-25

Jak cytować

Đidić, A., & Jovanović, S. M. (2019). Turkey’s erratic foreign policy in the Middle East, 2011-2017. European Journal of Transformation Studies, 7(1), 32–48. Pobrano z https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/journal-transformation/article/view/8487

Numer

Dział

Regular Papers