Academic Scientific JournalsSimilarities and differences in changing NPS market brought by new regulatory approaches in selected Eastern and Central European states with mostly focus on Poland and Latvia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.2.02Keywords:
New Psychoactive Substances, Law on New Psychoactive Substances, post-communist countriesAbstract
The main objective of the paper is to explain, compare and conclude the effect on the new psychoactive substances (NPS) market brought by new and innovative responses to regulate the NPS (mostly between 2010 and 2014) in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Romania. Countries where NPS problem reached the peak, the traditional response or simply substance scheduling did not work. Since the NPS do not fall under market regulations, also the response to the problem was innovative stepping out of the existing system (for example, temporary prohibition in Poland, Latvia). Moreover, a political and social pressure has been a factor to speed up the development of new regulations, sometime affecting the quality. Seemingly harsh sanctions and immediate reaction are main elements to close the NPS street shops. Meanwhile this approach hasn’t caused a step back for chemical industry or science. Still is open question if national regulations against NPS market are fully enough. NPS market reacts very quickly for changing and only very strong and fast reaction from the institutional level seems to be effectiveness. Although NPS market differs in each country, study shows that harsh sanctions such as criminal liability and immediate reaction significantly decrease the availability of NPS, and thus contribute in decreasing acute health problems and prevalence. It was observed that at the time when stricter measure came into force, hospital emergencies were increased (Poland, Romania and in same extent Latvia).
Downloads
References
National Report (2011 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point, 2012, Romanian Reitox Focal Point, Bucharest.
National Report (2014 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point, 2015, Hungarian Reitox Focal Point, Budapest.
Act XCV of 2005 on medicinal products for human use and on the amendment of other laws regulating the pharmaceutical market in Hungary (the amendment to the Act came into effect on the 1st of March 2012).
Běláčková V., 2013, New synthetic drugs in the Czech Republic – ways to get through survey methods, Presentation for REITOX Academy on New Psychoactive Substances, Warsaw, 5th September, 2013.
Brunt T., Atkinson A., Nefu T., Martinem M., Lahaie E., Malczewski A., Pazinty M., Belackova V., Brandt S., 2017, Online test purchased new psychoactive substances in 5 different European countries: A snapshot study of chemical composition and price, International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 105–114. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.03.006.
Burda P., 2014, Raport o zgłoszonych przypadkach podejrzeń zatruć substancjami psychoaktywnymi (dopalaczami) (Eng. Report on reported cases of suspected poisoning with new psychoactive substances), Ośrodek Kontroli Zatruć, Warszawa.
Burda P., 2015, Raport o zgłoszonych przypadkach podejrzeń zatruć substancjami psychoaktywnymi (dopalaczami) (Eng. Report on reported cases of suspected poisoning with new psychoactive substances)), Ośrodek Kontroli Zatruć, Warszawa.
Early Warning System Database of EMCDDA, 2015, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon.
ESPAD Report 2011: Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, 2012, ESPAD Group, The Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Sweden.
European Drug Report 2015: Trends and Developments, 2015, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Flash Eurobarometer 330: Youth attitudes on drugs, European Commission https://data.europa.eu/euodp/data/dataset/S1006_330 (data accessed: 10 January 2017).
Flash Eurobarometer 401: Young people and drugs, European Commission, https://data.europa.eu/euodp/data/dataset/S2029_401 (data accessed: 10 January 2017).
Gheorghe B., 2014, NPS in Romania. Romanian focal point on drugs and drug addiction, Presentation for the conference in Warsaw 2–3 October 2014.
Government Decree 66/2012 (IV. 2.) on activities related to narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and new psychoactive substances, on scheduling of these substances and on modification of schedules (repealing Government Decree 142/2004 and Government Decision 1196/2009) (the Decree came into effect on the 3rd of April 2012) and §283/B of Criminal Code (the amendment to the Criminal Code came into effect on the 1st of March 2012).
Grohmannova K., 2013, NSD use among PDU. Czech National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Presentation for Reitox Academy on New Psychoactive Substances 4–5 September 2013 Warsaw.
GSI, 2016a, information from General Sanitary Inspection http://gis.gov.pl/zdrowie/dopalacze/dane-statystyczne (data accessed: 06 March 2016).
GSI, 2016b, Official Information for Senat wrote by General Sanitary Inspection., Warsaw.
Jabłoński P., Malczewski A., 2014, New psychoactive substances: problem and response, National Bureau for Drug Prevention, Warsaw.
Jasaitis E., 2015a, NPS users profile: Lithuania case. Presentation for Reitox Baltic Academy in Cracow – Poland, 3–4 September 2015.
Jasaitis E., 2015b, NPS market and NPS in law: Lithuania perspective, Presentation for Reitox Baltic Academy in Cracow – Poland, 3–4 September 2015.
Kļave et al ., 2014, Narkotiku lietošanas izplatība ieslodzījuma vietās Latvijā 2014.gadā. Pētījuma rezultāti (Eng. Prevalence of drug use in prisons in Latvia in 2014. Research results), Slimību profilakses un kontroles centrs, Rīga.
Koroļeva I., Trapencieris M., Sniķere S., Kārkliņa I., Jankovskis M., Krieķe L., 2013, Narkotiku lietošanas izklaides vietāīs 2012. gada (Eng. Drug use at the recreational setting in 2012), Slimību profilakses un kontroles centrs, Riga.
Malczewski A., 2014, Młodzież a substancje psychoaktywne (Eng. Youth and Psychoactive Substances), [in:] B. Grabowska (ed.), J. Kalka, R. Boguszewski, K. Kowalczuk, M. Feliksiak, M. Herrmann, B. Badora, M. Omyła-Rudzka, B. Roguska, M. Feliksiak, M. Gwiazda, A. Malczewski, Młodzież 2013 (Eng. Youth 2013), Fundacja Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej, Warszawa, 154–173.
Malczewski A., 2015a, “Dopalacze” coraz bardziej niebezpieczne (Eng. New Psychoactive Substances getting more dangerous), Remedium, 9/2015, 24–25.
Malczewski A., 2015b, Drug market and crime workbook. Polish workbook for EMCDDA, National Bureau for Drug Prevention, Warsaw.
Malczewski A., 2016, Odbiorcy programów wymiany igieł i strzykawek – wyniki badania (Eng. Clients of needles and syringes programs – result of the survey), Remedium, 2/2016, 25–26.
Malczewski A., Misiurek A., 2015, Używanie narkotyków i “dopalaczy” w populacji generalnej (Eng. Using drugs and New Psychoactive Substances in general population), Serwis Informacyjny NARKOMANIA, 72, 32–37.
Malczewski A., Sałustowicz P., 2015, I-TREND – badanie dotyczące nowych substancji psychoaktywnych (Eng. I-TREND – New Psychoactive Substances survey), Serwis Informacyjny NARKOMANIA, 72, 18–21.
Martinez M., Kmetonyová D, Běláčková V., 2016, A method for exploring the number of online shops selling new psychoactive substances: initial I-TREND project results in: The internet and drug markets (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction: Insights 21), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Mravčík V., Běláčková V., Grohmannová K., Zábranský T., 2015, Nove psychoaktivni latky a jejich vyskyt v Česke republice (Eng. New psychoactive substances and their prevalence in the Czech Republic), Národní monitorovací středisko pro drogy a závislosti, Úřad vlády ČR, Časopis lékařů českých, 153 (5), 216–221.
New psychoactive substances in Europe: Legislation and prosecution — current challenges and solutions, 2016, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and Eurojust, EMCDDA – Eurojust joint publication, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Pūgule I., Ābele I., Vanaga D., Sīle L., Pelne A., Lucenko I., ZīleVeisberga A., Trapencieris M., 2015, Situācija narkotiku un narkomānijas problēmas jomā latvijā līdz 2015. Gadam (Eng. Situation in drug situation in Latvia until 2015), Slimību profilakses un kontroles centrs, Rīga.
Rychert M., Wilkins C., 2015, The challenge of a ban on animal testing for the development of a regulated legal market for new psychoactive substances (NPS) (‘legal highs’) in New Zealand: Issues and options for resolution, International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(12), 1273–1278. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.08.006.
Salekesin M., 2015, NPS market and NPS in law, Estonia, Presentation for Reitox Baltic Academy in Cracow – Poland, 3–4 September 2015.
Sierosławski J., 2015, Używanie substancji psychoaktywnych przez młodzież w 2015 roku ESPAD (Eng. Psychoactive Substances using by youth in 2015 ESPAD), Presentation from the press conference on 30 November 2015, KBPN, PARPA, IPIN. Warsaw.
Sīle L., 2015, Jaunās psihoaktīvās vielas Latvijā: Situācijas analīze 2007–2014 (Eng. New psychoactive substances in Latvia: analysis of the situation between 2014 and 2017), Slimību profilakses in kontroles centrs, Rīga.
Sniķere S., Trapencieris M., Koroļeva I., Mieriņa I., Priekule S., Aleksandrovs A., Jankovskis M., 2012, Atkarību izraisošo vielu lietošanas izplatība iedzīvotāju vidū. Pētījuma rezultāti (Eng. Addictive substance use among the general population) , Slimību profilakses in kontroles centrs, Rīga.
Trapencieris M., Pētersons A., Sniķere S., 2013, Alkohola, taba kas un narkotiku lietošanas izplatība skolēnu vidū Latvijā. Metodoloģiskā pētījuma rezultāti (Eng. The prevalence of alcohol, tabaco and drug use among students: Methodological study,), Slimību profialkases un kontroles centrs, SIA “Socioloģisko pētījumu institūts”, Rīga.
Trapencieris M., Sniķere S., Kaupe R., 2014, Narkotiku lietošanas tendences un paradumi Latvijā: narkotiku lietotāju kohortas pētījuma septītā posma (2013. gada) rezultāti (Eng. Drug use patterns and trends in Latvia: cohort study of drug users. The seventh phase). Biedrība “Dialogs”, Rīga.
Vorobjov S., 2015, New psychoactive substances in Estonia, available data from recent surveys, Presentation for Reitox Baltic Academy in Cracow – Poland, 3–4 September 2015.
