Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweRepresenting and Teaching the Holocaust in the 21st Century: A Practical Proposal
Słowa kluczowe:
Holocaust, representation, fiction, testimony, education, memory, trauma, ethicsAbstrakt
This article draws on the well-known assumption in Trauma and Holocaust Studies that the representation of traumatic episodes that have affected a huge number of people is usually an aporetic phenomenon. In the case of the Holocaust, the portrayal of these horrible events is always linked to some ethical and historical limits that try to avoid its trivialisation. The first part of this study provides an overview of the evolution of the literary representation of the Holocaust and of the main controversies that have always surrounded the narration of this episode. Then, this evolution will be related to the current „memory boom” and confessional culture that has invaded the cultural panorama, which in the case of the Holocaust has been manifested in the emergence of new hybrid testimonial narratives and the overuse and even commodification of such a traumatic episode. My main contention is that these complex questions have reached the educational context too and thus, the worlds of history, literary criticism and education seem to collide to challenge the future generations’ answers to the Holocaust. All these ideas are finally exposed in a practical exercise that could be carried out in the classroom to discuss whether or not there are textual differences between various testimonial genres, and to figure out how the Holocaust can be kept alive ethically. It will contribute to supporting my closing argument that education has acquired an extremely relevant role within the field of Holocaust Studies, becoming the new site where its meanings and possible representations may be fruitfully negotiated.
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Bibliografia
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Bell Duncan. 2010 (2006). Memory, Trauma and World Politics. New York: Palgrave.
Bernard-Donalds Michael and Richard Glejzer. 2011. Between Witness and Testimony: The Holocaust and the Limits of Representation. Albany: State University of Press.
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Bracken Patrick J. 2010. “Post-modernity and post-traumatic stress disorder.” Social Science and Medicine 53 (2001): 733-743.
Burg Avraham. 2008. The Holocaust Is Over: We Must Rise from its Ashes. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Caruth Cathy. 1995. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Delbo Charlotte. 1995 (1970). Auschwitz and After. Rosette C. Lamont, trans. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Eaglestone Robert. 2004. The Holocaust and the Postmodern. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eaglestone Robert and Barry Langford. 2008. Teaching Holocaust Literature and Film. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Farrell Kirby. 1998. Post-Traumatic Culture: Injury and Interpretation in the Nineties. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Felman Shoshana and M. D. Dori Laub. 1992. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. New York: Routledge.
Fracapane Karel and Matthias Haβ. 2014. Holocaust Education in the Global Context. Paris: UNESCO.
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Granofsky Ronald. 1995. The Trauma Novel: Contemporary Symbolic Depictions of Collective Disaster. New York: Peter Lang.
Hartman Geoffrey H. 2002 (1996). The Longest Shadow: In the Aftermath of the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Hilberg Raul. 1988. “I was not there”, 17-25. In: Berel Lang, ed. Writing and the Holocaust. New York & London: Holmes & Meier.
Hirsch Marianne and Irene Kacandes, eds. 2004. Teaching the Representation of the Holocaust. New York: MLA.
Hyussen Andreas. 1995. Twilight Memories: Marking Time in a Culture of Amnesia. New York and London: Routledge.
LaCapra Dominick. 2001. Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lang Berel. 1998. Writing and the Holocaust. New York and London: Homes & Meier.
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Luckhurst Roger. 2003. “Traumaculture.” New Formations 50 (2003): 28-47.
Luckhurst Roger. 2008. The Trauma Question. London: Routledge.
Martínez Álfaro María Jesús. 2011. “Where Madness Lies: Holocaust Representation and the Ethics of Form in Martin Amis’ Time’s Arrow”, 127-154. In: Susana Onega and Jean-Michel Ganteau, eds. Ethics and Trauma in Contemporary British Fiction. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Michaels Anne. 1997. Fugitive Pieces. London: Bloomsbury.
Pellicer-Ortín Silvia; María Jesús Martínez-Alfaro and María Jesús Fernández Gil. 2015. “The Holocaust in the Educational Context: Challenges and Approaches.” ES: Revista de Filología Inglesa 36 (2015): 145-165.
Roth Michael S. 2011. Memory, Trauma, and History: Essays on Living with the Past. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rothberg Michael. 2000. Traumatic Realism: The Demands of Holocaust Representation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Rowland Antony. 2010. “The Future of Testimony”, 113-122. In: Richard Crownshaw, Jane Kilby and Antony Rowland, eds. The Future of Memory. New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Sicher Efraim. 2005. The Holocaust Novel. New York: Routledge.
Tew Philip. 2007. The Contemporary British Novel. London and New York: Continuum.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). “Resources for Educators.” Online: https://www.ushmm.org/educators. Accessed August 18, 2014.
Vickroy Laurie. 2002. Trauma and Survival in Contemporary Fiction. Virginia: University of Virginia Press.
Vice, Sue. 2000. Holocaust Fiction. London: Routledge.
Vice, Sue. 2010. “False Testimony”, 155-164. In: Richard Crownshaw, Jane Kilby and Antony Rowland, eds. The Future of Memory. New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Whitehead Anne. 2004. Trauma Fiction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Wiesel Elie. 2008 (1958). Night. London: Penguin Books.
Wiesel Elie. 1970. One Generation After. New York: Random House.
Wiesel Elie. 2010. “Letter from Elie Wiesel” Prospects 40 (2010): 5-6.
Wilkomirski Binjamin. 1997 (1995). Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood. Berlin: Schocken.
Winter Jay. 2010 (2006). “Notes on the Memory Boom: War, Remembrance and the Uses of the Past”, 54-73. In: Duncan Bell, ed. Memory, Trauma, and World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Young Alan. 1997 (1995). The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zehfuss Maja. 2010 (2006). “Remembering to Forget / Forgetting to Remember”, 213-230. In: Duncan Bell, ed. Memory, Trauma, and World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Adorno Theodor. 1973 (1966). Negative Dialectics. E. B. Ashton, trans. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Agamben Giorgio. 2000 (1999). Lo que queda de Auschwitz: El Archivo y el Testigo. Homo Sacer III. Antonio Moreno Cuspinera, trans. Valencia: Pre-Textos.
Auerbach David. 1989. Surviving Trauma: Loss, Literature and Psychoanalysis. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Bauer Yehuda. 2014. “Holocaust Education and the Prevention of Genocide”, 177-181. In: Karel Francapane and Matthias Haβ, eds. Holocaust Education in the Global Context. Paris: UNESCO.
Bell Duncan. 2010 (2006). Memory, Trauma and World Politics. New York: Palgrave.
Bernard-Donalds Michael and Richard Glejzer. 2011. Between Witness and Testimony: The Holocaust and the Limits of Representation. Albany: State University of Press.
Bloom Sandra L. 2010. “Bridging the Black Hole of Trauma: The Evolutionary Significance of the Arts.” Psychotherapy and Politics International 8 (3): 198-212.
Bracken Patrick J. 2010. “Post-modernity and post-traumatic stress disorder.” Social Science and Medicine 53 (2001): 733-743.
Burg Avraham. 2008. The Holocaust Is Over: We Must Rise from its Ashes. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Caruth Cathy. 1995. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Crown Sara. 2009. “Anne Michaels, fugitive author.” The Guardian 2 May 2009. Online: http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/02/interview-anne-michaels. Accessed July 10, 2011.
Delbo Charlotte. 1995 (1970). Auschwitz and After. Rosette C. Lamont, trans. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Eaglestone Robert. 2004. The Holocaust and the Postmodern. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eaglestone Robert and Barry Langford. 2008. Teaching Holocaust Literature and Film. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Farrell Kirby. 1998. Post-Traumatic Culture: Injury and Interpretation in the Nineties. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Felman Shoshana and M. D. Dori Laub. 1992. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. New York: Routledge.
Fracapane Karel and Matthias Haβ. 2014. Holocaust Education in the Global Context. Paris: UNESCO.
Freud Sigmund and Josef Breuer. 1991 (1893). “On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena: Preliminary Communication”, 53-69. Studies on Hysteria. James and Alix Strachey, ed. and trans. London: Penguin.
Gerstenfeld Manfred. 2008. “Holocaust Trivialization.” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Online: http://jcpa.org/article/holocaust-trivialization. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Granofsky Ronald. 1995. The Trauma Novel: Contemporary Symbolic Depictions of Collective Disaster. New York: Peter Lang.
Hartman Geoffrey H. 2002 (1996). The Longest Shadow: In the Aftermath of the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hartman Geoffrey H. 2003. “Trauma within the Limits of Literature.” European Journal of English Studies 7 (3): 257-274.
Henke Suzette A. 1998. Shattered Subjects: Trauma and Testimony in Women’s Life-Writing. London: Macmillan.
Hilberg Raul. 1988. “I was not there”, 17-25. In: Berel Lang, ed. Writing and the Holocaust. New York & London: Holmes & Meier.
Hirsch Marianne and Irene Kacandes, eds. 2004. Teaching the Representation of the Holocaust. New York: MLA.
Hyussen Andreas. 1995. Twilight Memories: Marking Time in a Culture of Amnesia. New York and London: Routledge.
LaCapra Dominick. 2001. Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lang Berel. 1998. Writing and the Holocaust. New York and London: Homes & Meier.
Langer Lawrence L. 1988. “Interpreting Survivor Testimony”, 26-40. In: Berel Lang, ed. Writing and the Holocaust. New York & London: Holmes & Meier.
Langer Lawrence L. 1995 (1970). “Introduction”, ix-1. In: Charlotte Delbo Auschwitz and After. Rosette C. Lamont, trans. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Laub Dori and Daniel Podell. 1995. “Art and Trauma.” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 76 (5): 991-1005.
Luckhurst Roger. 2003. “Traumaculture.” New Formations 50 (2003): 28-47.
Luckhurst Roger. 2008. The Trauma Question. London: Routledge.
Martínez Álfaro María Jesús. 2011. “Where Madness Lies: Holocaust Representation and the Ethics of Form in Martin Amis’ Time’s Arrow”, 127-154. In: Susana Onega and Jean-Michel Ganteau, eds. Ethics and Trauma in Contemporary British Fiction. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Michaels Anne. 1997. Fugitive Pieces. London: Bloomsbury.
Pellicer-Ortín Silvia; María Jesús Martínez-Alfaro and María Jesús Fernández Gil. 2015. “The Holocaust in the Educational Context: Challenges and Approaches.” ES: Revista de Filología Inglesa 36 (2015): 145-165.
Roth Michael S. 2011. Memory, Trauma, and History: Essays on Living with the Past. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rothberg Michael. 2000. Traumatic Realism: The Demands of Holocaust Representation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Rowland Antony. 2010. “The Future of Testimony”, 113-122. In: Richard Crownshaw, Jane Kilby and Antony Rowland, eds. The Future of Memory. New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Sicher Efraim. 2005. The Holocaust Novel. New York: Routledge.
Tew Philip. 2007. The Contemporary British Novel. London and New York: Continuum.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). “Resources for Educators.” Online: https://www.ushmm.org/educators. Accessed August 18, 2014.
Vickroy Laurie. 2002. Trauma and Survival in Contemporary Fiction. Virginia: University of Virginia Press.
Vice, Sue. 2000. Holocaust Fiction. London: Routledge.
Vice, Sue. 2010. “False Testimony”, 155-164. In: Richard Crownshaw, Jane Kilby and Antony Rowland, eds. The Future of Memory. New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Whitehead Anne. 2004. Trauma Fiction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Wiesel Elie. 2008 (1958). Night. London: Penguin Books.
Wiesel Elie. 1970. One Generation After. New York: Random House.
Wiesel Elie. 2010. “Letter from Elie Wiesel” Prospects 40 (2010): 5-6.
Wilkomirski Binjamin. 1997 (1995). Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood. Berlin: Schocken.
Winter Jay. 2010 (2006). “Notes on the Memory Boom: War, Remembrance and the Uses of the Past”, 54-73. In: Duncan Bell, ed. Memory, Trauma, and World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Young Alan. 1997 (1995). The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zehfuss Maja. 2010 (2006). “Remembering to Forget / Forgetting to Remember”, 213-230. In: Duncan Bell, ed. Memory, Trauma, and World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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2016-10-24
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Pellicer-Ortín, S. (2016). Representing and Teaching the Holocaust in the 21st Century: A Practical Proposal. Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne, (6), 151–172. Pobrano z https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/JednakKsiazki/article/view/405
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