Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweHolocaust Satire on Israeli TV: the Battle against Canonic Memory Agents
Słowa kluczowe:
Holocaust, satire, Holocaust satire, Holocaust humor, Israeli culture, Israeli television, post -trauma, cultural representationsAbstrakt
For many years, Israeli culture recoiled from dealing with the Holocaust from a humorous or satirical perspective. Since the 1990, a new unofficial path of memory has begun taking shape in Israel. Texts that combine the Holocaust with humor are a major aspect of this new memory. The case study includes three skits by The Chamber Quintet (Hahamishia Hakamerit, “Matar” Productions, Channels 2-Tela’ad, Channel 1, 1993-1997), the first who dared to use satire to criticize the Holocaust memory agents in Israel. The paper analyzes the changes in the attitude towards Holocaust humor in Israel through theories of trauma and secondary trauma. Contrary to perceptions that these satirical skits disrespect the Holocaust and its survivors, the paper argues that these skits do not constitute cheapening mechanisms, but are nurtured by pain and criticism of a post-traumatic society.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Bibliografia
Alexander Jeffrey C. 2009a. Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma, 1–30. In: Alexander Jeffrey C. et al, eds. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkley: University of California Press.
Alexander Jeffrey C. 2009b. On the Social Construction of Moral Universals: The Holocaust from War Crime to Trauma Drama, 196-263. In: Alexander Jeffrey C. et al, eds. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkley: University of California Press.
Andreas Huyssen. 2001. Of Mice and Mimesis: Reading Spiegelman with Adorno, 28–44. In: Zelizer Barbie, ed. Visual Culture and the Holocaust New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Bakhtin Mikhail. 1993. Rabelais and His World. Hélène Iswolsky, trans. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Bar-Tal Daniel. 2007. Lihyot im haSichsuch (Living with the Conflict). Haifa: Carmel.
Bartov Omer. 2008. Hayehudi baKolnoa (The Jew in Cinema) Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Berger Alan L. and Berger Naomi. 2011. Second Generation Voices: Reflections by Children of Holocaust Survivors and Perpetrators. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Bergson Henri. 1999. Hazhok (The Laughter). Jerusalem: Reuven Mass.
Blacher Cohen Sarah, ed. 1987. Jewish Wry: Essays on Jewish Humor. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Blau Sahara. 2004. “Misheu Amar Shoa?” (“Somebody Said Holocaust?”). Ha’aretz. Online: http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/health/1.961589. Accessed September 7, 2014.
Bondi Ruth. 2002. Shorashim Akurim (Displaced Roots). Jerusalem: Yad vaShem Hebrew.
Boskin Joseph and Dorinson Joseph. 1985. “Ethnic Humor: Subversion and Survival.” American Quarterly Special Issue: American Humor, 37.1: 81-97.
Bourdieu Pierre. 1984a. “The Field of Cultural Production, or: The Economic World Reversed”. Poetics 12: 311-356.
Bourdieu Pierre. 1984b. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. London: Routledge.
Brook Vincent. 2003. Something Ain’t Kosher Here: The Rise of the “Jewish” Sitcom. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Cohen Adir. 1994. Haim biZhok (Life in Laughter: Humor Therapy). Haifa: Amazia.
Davies Christie. 1991. “Exploring the Thesis of the Self-Deprecating Jewish Sense of Humor.” Humor 4.2 (January): 189-209.
Epstein Laurence J. 2002. The Haunted Smile: The Story of Jewish Comedians in America. New York: Public Affairs.
Evron Boaz. 2011. The Holocaust – a danger to the people, 82–104. In: Evron Boaz. Atuna veEretz Uz (Athens and Oz). Nahar.
Figley Charles, ed. 1995. Compassion Fatigue: Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorders from Treating the Traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Fiske John. 1987. Television Culture. London: Routledge.
Freud Sigmund. 1978. Meever laoneg veMasot Aherot (Beyond the Pleasure and Other Works). Tel Aviv: Dvir.
Freud Sigmund. 1990. Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (The Standard Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Freud Sigmund. 2002. Hatipul hapsichoanaliti (Psychoanalysis Treatment). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Garrick Jacqueline. 2006. “The Humor of Trauma Survivors”. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 12: 169-182.
Gertz Nurith. 2004. Nizoley Shoa Zarim veAherim (Holocaust Survivors, Aliens and Others in Israeli Cinema and Literature). Tel Aviv: Am Oved/The Open University.
Greenspoon Leonard G., ed. 2011. Jews and Humor. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.
Halbwachs Morris. 1992. On Collective Memory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Hall Stuart. 1980. Encoding/Decoding, 128-138. In: Hall Stuart et al, eds. Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson.
Herman Judith Louis. 1994. Trauma veHachlama (Trauma and Healing). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Kaplan Louis. 2003. It Will Get a Terrific Laugh’: On the Problematic Pleasures and Politics of Holocaust Humor, 343-356. In: Jenkins Henry et al, eds. Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture. Durham: Duke University Press Books.
LaCapra Dominick. 2000. Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Levin Itamar. 2004. Mibaad laDmaot (Through the Tears: Jewish Humor under the Nazi Regime). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.
Lewis Paul. 1993. Three Jews and a Blindfold: The Politics of Gallows Humor, 47-57. In: Ziv Avner and Zajdman Anat, eds. Semites and Stereotypes. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Lipman Steve. 2008. “Can A Swastika Be Funny?” The Jewish Week. Online: http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/can_swastika_be_funny. Accessed February 20, 2014.
Loshitzky Yosefa 2001. Identity Politics on the Israeli Screen. Texas: University of Texas Press.
Meyers Oren, Neiger Motti and Zandberg Eyal. 2014. Communicating Awe: Media Memory and Holocaust Commemoration. New York: Palgrave MacMillan Memory Studies.
Milner Iris. 2004. Kirey Avar (A Torn Past). Tel Aviv: Chaim Weizmann Institute for the Study of Zionism and Israel, Tel Aviv University/Am Oved.
Morreall John. 2011. “Humor in the Holocaust: Its Critical, Cohesive, and Coping Functions.” Holocaust TRC. Online: http://www.holocaust-trc.org/humor-in-the-holocaust/. Accessed September 20, 2014.
Ne’eman Arad Gulie. 2003. “Israel and the Shoah: A tale of Multifarious Taboos”. New German Critique 90, Autumn: 5-26.
Newcomb Horace and Hirsch Paul. 1994. Television as a Cultural Forum: Implications for Research. In: Newcomb Horace, ed. Television: The Critical View. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 561-573.
Niv Kobi. 2000. haHaim Yafim aval lo leYehudim (Life Is Beautiful but Not for Jews). Tel Aviv: N.B. Sfarim Hagut.
Ofer Dalia. 2013. “We Israelis Remember, but How? The Memory of the Holocaust and the Israeli Experience”. Israel Studies 18.2: 70-85.
Ostrover Haya. 2009. Lelo humor hainu Mitabdim (If Not for Humor, We Would Have Committed Suicide). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.
Palmer Jerry. 2003. The Logic of the Absurd: On Television Comedy. London: BFI
Porat Dina. 2011. Café ha’boker ba’rayac hashan: mifgashim shel ha’yishuv va’ha’hevra ha’yisraelit im haShoah vanitzoleha (The Smoke-Scented Coffee: The Encounter of the Yishuv and Israeli Society with the Holocaust and its Survivors). Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem and Am Oved.
Shifman Limor. 2008. Haars, Hafreha vehaimahapolaniya (Social Conflicts and Humor on Israeli Television 1968-2000). Jerusalem: J. L. Magnes Press/Hebrew University.
Solomon Zehava and Chaitin Julia, eds. 2007. Yaldut bezel haShoah (Childhood in the Shadow of the Holocaust). Tel Aviv: HakibbutzHameuhad.
Sover Arie. 2015. “Jewish humor”. Oxford Bibliographies. Online: http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199840731/obo9780199840731-0117.xml?rskey=fmdMmn&result=32. Accessed September 30, 2015.
Steir-Livny Liat. 2009. Shtei Panim baMarah (Two Faces in the Mirror: the representation of Holocaust survivors in Israeli cinema). Jerusalem: Eshkolot-Magness press.
Steir-Livny Liat. 2012. The Link between the Holocaust and the Israeli-Arab Conflict in Israeli Culture, 1950’s-1970’s, 157-168. In: Aleksandrowicz-Pedich Lucyna and Pakier Malgorzata (eds). Reconstructing Jewish Identity in Pre- and Post-Holocaust Literature and Culture. Warsaw: Peter Lang GmbH – InternationalerVerlag der Wissenschaften.
Steir-Livny Liat. 2014. Har hazikaron yizkor bimkomi (Let the Memorial Hill Remember). Tel Aviv: Resling.
Wisse Ruth R. 2013. No Joke: Making Jewish Humor. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Young James E. 1995. The texture of memory: Holocaust memorials and meaning. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Yuran Noam. 2001. Arutzshtayim: Hamamlachtiyut ha-hadasha (Channel 2: The New Statism). Tel Aviv: Resling.
Zand Shlomo. 2002. Kolnoa vehistoria (Cinema as History). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Zandberg Eyal. 2006. “Critical Laughter: Humor, Popular Culture and Israeli Holocaust Commemoration”. Media, Culture & Society, 28(4): 561-579.
Zertal Idit. 1993. Hauma vehamavet (The Nation and Death). Tel Aviv: Dvir.
Zerubavel Yael. 1995. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ziv Avner. 1984. Personality and Sense of Humor. New York: Springer.
Ziv Avner and Zajdman Anat, eds. 1993. Semites and Stereotypes. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Ziv Avner, ed. 1998. Jewish humor. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
Alexander Jeffrey C. 2009b. On the Social Construction of Moral Universals: The Holocaust from War Crime to Trauma Drama, 196-263. In: Alexander Jeffrey C. et al, eds. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkley: University of California Press.
Andreas Huyssen. 2001. Of Mice and Mimesis: Reading Spiegelman with Adorno, 28–44. In: Zelizer Barbie, ed. Visual Culture and the Holocaust New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Bakhtin Mikhail. 1993. Rabelais and His World. Hélène Iswolsky, trans. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Bar-Tal Daniel. 2007. Lihyot im haSichsuch (Living with the Conflict). Haifa: Carmel.
Bartov Omer. 2008. Hayehudi baKolnoa (The Jew in Cinema) Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Berger Alan L. and Berger Naomi. 2011. Second Generation Voices: Reflections by Children of Holocaust Survivors and Perpetrators. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Bergson Henri. 1999. Hazhok (The Laughter). Jerusalem: Reuven Mass.
Blacher Cohen Sarah, ed. 1987. Jewish Wry: Essays on Jewish Humor. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Blau Sahara. 2004. “Misheu Amar Shoa?” (“Somebody Said Holocaust?”). Ha’aretz. Online: http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/health/1.961589. Accessed September 7, 2014.
Bondi Ruth. 2002. Shorashim Akurim (Displaced Roots). Jerusalem: Yad vaShem Hebrew.
Boskin Joseph and Dorinson Joseph. 1985. “Ethnic Humor: Subversion and Survival.” American Quarterly Special Issue: American Humor, 37.1: 81-97.
Bourdieu Pierre. 1984a. “The Field of Cultural Production, or: The Economic World Reversed”. Poetics 12: 311-356.
Bourdieu Pierre. 1984b. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. London: Routledge.
Brook Vincent. 2003. Something Ain’t Kosher Here: The Rise of the “Jewish” Sitcom. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Cohen Adir. 1994. Haim biZhok (Life in Laughter: Humor Therapy). Haifa: Amazia.
Davies Christie. 1991. “Exploring the Thesis of the Self-Deprecating Jewish Sense of Humor.” Humor 4.2 (January): 189-209.
Epstein Laurence J. 2002. The Haunted Smile: The Story of Jewish Comedians in America. New York: Public Affairs.
Evron Boaz. 2011. The Holocaust – a danger to the people, 82–104. In: Evron Boaz. Atuna veEretz Uz (Athens and Oz). Nahar.
Figley Charles, ed. 1995. Compassion Fatigue: Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorders from Treating the Traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Fiske John. 1987. Television Culture. London: Routledge.
Freud Sigmund. 1978. Meever laoneg veMasot Aherot (Beyond the Pleasure and Other Works). Tel Aviv: Dvir.
Freud Sigmund. 1990. Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (The Standard Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Freud Sigmund. 2002. Hatipul hapsichoanaliti (Psychoanalysis Treatment). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Garrick Jacqueline. 2006. “The Humor of Trauma Survivors”. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 12: 169-182.
Gertz Nurith. 2004. Nizoley Shoa Zarim veAherim (Holocaust Survivors, Aliens and Others in Israeli Cinema and Literature). Tel Aviv: Am Oved/The Open University.
Greenspoon Leonard G., ed. 2011. Jews and Humor. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.
Halbwachs Morris. 1992. On Collective Memory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Hall Stuart. 1980. Encoding/Decoding, 128-138. In: Hall Stuart et al, eds. Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson.
Herman Judith Louis. 1994. Trauma veHachlama (Trauma and Healing). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Kaplan Louis. 2003. It Will Get a Terrific Laugh’: On the Problematic Pleasures and Politics of Holocaust Humor, 343-356. In: Jenkins Henry et al, eds. Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture. Durham: Duke University Press Books.
LaCapra Dominick. 2000. Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Levin Itamar. 2004. Mibaad laDmaot (Through the Tears: Jewish Humor under the Nazi Regime). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.
Lewis Paul. 1993. Three Jews and a Blindfold: The Politics of Gallows Humor, 47-57. In: Ziv Avner and Zajdman Anat, eds. Semites and Stereotypes. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Lipman Steve. 2008. “Can A Swastika Be Funny?” The Jewish Week. Online: http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/can_swastika_be_funny. Accessed February 20, 2014.
Loshitzky Yosefa 2001. Identity Politics on the Israeli Screen. Texas: University of Texas Press.
Meyers Oren, Neiger Motti and Zandberg Eyal. 2014. Communicating Awe: Media Memory and Holocaust Commemoration. New York: Palgrave MacMillan Memory Studies.
Milner Iris. 2004. Kirey Avar (A Torn Past). Tel Aviv: Chaim Weizmann Institute for the Study of Zionism and Israel, Tel Aviv University/Am Oved.
Morreall John. 2011. “Humor in the Holocaust: Its Critical, Cohesive, and Coping Functions.” Holocaust TRC. Online: http://www.holocaust-trc.org/humor-in-the-holocaust/. Accessed September 20, 2014.
Ne’eman Arad Gulie. 2003. “Israel and the Shoah: A tale of Multifarious Taboos”. New German Critique 90, Autumn: 5-26.
Newcomb Horace and Hirsch Paul. 1994. Television as a Cultural Forum: Implications for Research. In: Newcomb Horace, ed. Television: The Critical View. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 561-573.
Niv Kobi. 2000. haHaim Yafim aval lo leYehudim (Life Is Beautiful but Not for Jews). Tel Aviv: N.B. Sfarim Hagut.
Ofer Dalia. 2013. “We Israelis Remember, but How? The Memory of the Holocaust and the Israeli Experience”. Israel Studies 18.2: 70-85.
Ostrover Haya. 2009. Lelo humor hainu Mitabdim (If Not for Humor, We Would Have Committed Suicide). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.
Palmer Jerry. 2003. The Logic of the Absurd: On Television Comedy. London: BFI
Porat Dina. 2011. Café ha’boker ba’rayac hashan: mifgashim shel ha’yishuv va’ha’hevra ha’yisraelit im haShoah vanitzoleha (The Smoke-Scented Coffee: The Encounter of the Yishuv and Israeli Society with the Holocaust and its Survivors). Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem and Am Oved.
Shifman Limor. 2008. Haars, Hafreha vehaimahapolaniya (Social Conflicts and Humor on Israeli Television 1968-2000). Jerusalem: J. L. Magnes Press/Hebrew University.
Solomon Zehava and Chaitin Julia, eds. 2007. Yaldut bezel haShoah (Childhood in the Shadow of the Holocaust). Tel Aviv: HakibbutzHameuhad.
Sover Arie. 2015. “Jewish humor”. Oxford Bibliographies. Online: http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199840731/obo9780199840731-0117.xml?rskey=fmdMmn&result=32. Accessed September 30, 2015.
Steir-Livny Liat. 2009. Shtei Panim baMarah (Two Faces in the Mirror: the representation of Holocaust survivors in Israeli cinema). Jerusalem: Eshkolot-Magness press.
Steir-Livny Liat. 2012. The Link between the Holocaust and the Israeli-Arab Conflict in Israeli Culture, 1950’s-1970’s, 157-168. In: Aleksandrowicz-Pedich Lucyna and Pakier Malgorzata (eds). Reconstructing Jewish Identity in Pre- and Post-Holocaust Literature and Culture. Warsaw: Peter Lang GmbH – InternationalerVerlag der Wissenschaften.
Steir-Livny Liat. 2014. Har hazikaron yizkor bimkomi (Let the Memorial Hill Remember). Tel Aviv: Resling.
Wisse Ruth R. 2013. No Joke: Making Jewish Humor. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Young James E. 1995. The texture of memory: Holocaust memorials and meaning. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Yuran Noam. 2001. Arutzshtayim: Hamamlachtiyut ha-hadasha (Channel 2: The New Statism). Tel Aviv: Resling.
Zand Shlomo. 2002. Kolnoa vehistoria (Cinema as History). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.
Zandberg Eyal. 2006. “Critical Laughter: Humor, Popular Culture and Israeli Holocaust Commemoration”. Media, Culture & Society, 28(4): 561-579.
Zertal Idit. 1993. Hauma vehamavet (The Nation and Death). Tel Aviv: Dvir.
Zerubavel Yael. 1995. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ziv Avner. 1984. Personality and Sense of Humor. New York: Springer.
Ziv Avner and Zajdman Anat, eds. 1993. Semites and Stereotypes. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Ziv Avner, ed. 1998. Jewish humor. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
2016-10-24
Jak cytować
Steir-Livny, L. (2016). Holocaust Satire on Israeli TV: the Battle against Canonic Memory Agents. Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne, (6), 197–212. Pobrano z https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/JednakKsiazki/article/view/409
Numer
Dział
Eseje
