Początki zakonu Calatrava i jego związki z cystersami w świetle bulli papieża Aleksandra III z 1164 r.

Abstrakt

The history of military orders has long been of enduring interest to researchers and readers. The purpose of this article is to analyse and present as comprehensively as possible the origins of one of Spain’s most important religious congregations of a military nature – the Order of Calatrava. The term “origins” should be understood as establishing the causes and conditions which led to the founding of this order and the formation of its principles in the first years of its existence. The starting point for this was the text of the Bull of 1164, in which the Order of Calatrava was approved. It also made it possible to clarify the formal relationships between the Calatravists and Cistercians, as well as the tasks that the Pope set for the newly-established Order. The starting point of the paper is the year in which the Order of Calatrava was founded (1158), and the ending point is the year in which the bull confirming its creation was issued (1164).