Academic Scientific JournalsForms of address and (im)politeness: a corpus-assisted study of Polish professional and non-professional subtitles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26881/bp.2022.1.06Keywords:
Polish forms of address, subtitles, corpus, non-professional translation, discursive approach, (im)politenessAbstract
The aim of the study is to analyse how the English form of address you is translated into Polish in subtitles. The investigation is embedded in the framework of (im)politeness theory. The data used for the study comprise two types of non-professional renderings: amateur subtitles (fansubbing) and subtitles written by sophomore students of English Philology. The study proves that fansubbers’ subtitles have a tendency to foreignise translation by ignoring the Polish sociocultural norms of terms of address, thus making it sound less polite and marked, while students’ translations show a tendency to make the original dialogue more familiar to the target (secondary) audience, and make it more acceptable and polite.
Downloads
References
Bączkowska, Anna (2013). “Podejścia dyskursywne w teorii (nie)grzeczności”. In: Maria Pająkowska-Kensik, Anna Paluszak-Bronka, Krzysztof Kołatka (eds). Język, wielokulturowość, tożsamość. Bydgoszcz: Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 19–33.
Bączkowska, Anna (2015a). “Quantitative study of non-professional subtitles and implications for corpus-based translator training”. In: Rachele Antonini, Chiara Bucaria (eds). Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation in the Media. Frankfurt: Perter Lang, 89–114.
Bączkowska, Anna (2015b). “Learner corpus of subtitles and subtitler training”. In: Sylvia Bruti, Elisa Perego (eds). Subtitling Today: Shapes and Their Meanings. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars. 221–247.
Bączkowska, Anna (2016). “Well as a discourse marker in learner interlingual subtitles”. In: Meng Ji (ed.). Empirical Translation Studies: Interdisciplinary Methodologies Explored. Sheffield: Equinox, 149–179.
Bączkowska, Anna (2019). “Apelatywne formy adresatywne w polskim nieprofesjonalnym tłumaczeniu komedii romantycznej What Women Want”. Rocznik Przekładoznawczy 14: 43–72.
Bączkowska, Anna (2020). “Healthy lifestyle, dieting, fitness and bodybuilding: compliments in the context of Polish online discussion forums and message boards”. In: María Elena Placencia, Zohreh R. Eslami (eds). Complimenting Behavior and (Self-)Praise across Social Media: New Contexts and New Insights. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 213–236.
Bączkowska, Anna (2022a). “Forms of address in Polish non-professional subtitles”. In: Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Marcin Trojszczak (eds). Language and Practice in Professional Contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 71–96.
Bączkowska, Anna (2022b). “Explicit and implicit offensiveness in dialogical film discourse in Bridget Jones film”. International Review of Pragmatics 14: 198–225.
Bednarek, Monika (2019). Creating Dialogue for TV: Screenwriters Talk Television. London: Routledge.
Biber, Doug, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan, Edward Finegan (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Bousfield, Derek (2008). Impoliteness in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Braun, Friederike (1988). Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Brown, Roger, Albert Gilman (1960). “The pronouns of power and solidarity”. In: Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.). Style in Language. Cambridge: MIT Press, 253–376.
Brown, Penelope, Stephen C. Levinson (1978). “Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena”. In: Esther Goody (ed.). Questions and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 56–289.
Brown, Penelope, Stephen C. Levinson (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clyne, Michael, Catrin Norrby, Jane Warren (2009). Language and Human Relations: Styles of Address in Contemporary Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, Jonathan (2011). Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, Jonathan, Michael Haugh (2014). Pragmatics and the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Erickson, Frederick (1982). “Money tree, lasagna bush, salt and pepper: Social construction of topical cohesion in a conversation among Italian-Americans”. In: Deborah Tannen (ed.), Analysing Discourse: Text and talk. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, 43–70.
Eelen Gino (2001) A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Felix-Brasdefer, Cesar (2015). The Language of Service Encounters: A Pragmatic-Discursive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fraser, Bruce, William Nolen (1981). “The association of deference with linguistic form”. The International Journal of the Sociology of Language 27: 93–110.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar (2010). “A genre approach to the study of impoliteness”. International Review of Pragmatics 2 (1): 46–94.
Geyer, Naomi (2008). Discourse and Politeness: Ambivalent Face in Japanese. London: Continuum.
Grainger, Karen (2011). ““First order” and “second order” politeness: Institutional and intercultural contexts”. In: LPRG (eds.). Discursive Approaches to Politeness. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 167–188.
Grice, Herbert P. (1975). “Logic and conversation”. In: Peter Cole, Jerry L. Morgan (eds). Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 3. Speech Acts. New York, NY: Academic Press, 41–58.
Haugh, Michael (2007). “The discursive challenge to politeness theory: an interactional alternative”. Journal of Politeness Research 3: 295–317.
Haugh, Michael (2015). Im/politeness Implicatures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hill, Virginia. (2014). Vocatives: How Syntax Meets Pragmatics. Leiden: Brill.
Huszcza, Romuald (2006). Honoryfikatywność: gramatyka, pragmatyka, typologia. Warszawa: PWN.
Kádár, Dániel Z., Michael Haugh (2013). Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kecskes, Istvan (2017). “Implicitness in the use of situation bound utterances”. In: Piotr Cap, Marta Dynel (eds). Implicitness: From Lexis to Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 201–215.
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine (2004). “Introducing polylogue”. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 1–24.
Klemensiewicz, Zenon (1946). “Pan i Obywatel”. Język Polski XXVI/2: 33–42.
Kretzenbacheer, Heinz L., John Hajek, Robert Lagerberg, Agnese Bresin (2013). “Address forms in language contact and language conflict: the curious history and remnants of onikani in Czech”. Aus-tralian Slavonic and East European Studies 27/1: 87–103.
Locher, Miriam (2004). Power and Politeness in Action. Disagreements in Oral Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Labov, William (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lakoff, Robin, Deborah Tannen (1979). “Communication strategies in conversation: the case of scenes from a marriage”. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 1979, 581-592.
Lakoff, Robin (1973). “The logic of politeness; or minding your p’s and q’s”. In: Claudia Corum, T. Cedric Smith-Stark, Ann Weiser (eds). Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 292-305.
Leech, Geoffrey (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Locher, Miriam (2006). “The discursive approach to polite behavior: A response to Glick”. Language in Society 35: 733–735.
Locher, Miriam A., Richard J. Watts. (2005). “Politeness theory and relational work”. Journal of Politeness Research 1(1): 9–33.
LPRG (Linguistic Politeness Research Group). (2011). Discursive Approaches to Politeness. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lyon, John (1970). New Horizon in Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Łaziński, Marek (2006). O Panach i Paniach: Polskie rzeczowniki tytularne i ich asymetria rodzajowo-płciowa. Warszawa: PWN.
Massidda, Serenella (2015). Audiovisual Translation in the Digital Age: The Italian Fansubbing Phenomenon. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mills, Sara (2002). “Rethinking politeness, impoliteness and gender identity”. In: Lia Litosseliti, Jane, Sunderland (eds). Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 69–89.
Mills, Sara (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mills, Sara (2011). “Discursive approaches to politeness and impoliteness”. In: LPRG (eds). Discursive Approaches to Politeness. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 19–57.
Mills, Sara (2017). English Politeness and Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Miodek, Jan (1980). „Jeszcze o sposobach zwracania się do drugich”. Język Polski 2–3: 177–181.
Miodek, Jan (1991). Odpowiednie dać rzeczy słowo. Warszawa: PIW.
O’Hagan, Minako (2009). “Evolution of user-generated translation: Fansubs, translation hacking and crowdsourcing”. Journal of Internationalization and Localisation 1/4: 94–121.
Pike, Kenneth (1954). Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior. The Hague: Mouton.
Pisarkowa, Krystyna (1979). „Jak się tytułujemy i zwracamy do drugich”. Język Polski LIX: 5–17.
Rusiecki, Jan (1988). “Appellatives and verbal forms of address”. Linguistica Silesiana 29: 29–42.
Searle, John (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sikora, Kazimierz (1993). “Jak pan zawędrował na wieś”. Język Polski LXXIII/4-5: 298–307.
Slobin, Dan (1963). “Some aspects of the use of pronouns of addresses in Yiddish”. Word 19/2: 193–202.
Sosnowski, Wojciech (2015). “Formy adresatywne. Aspekt językowy i socjologiczny”. In: Danuta Roszko, Joanna Satoła-Staśkowiak (eds.). Semantyka a konfrontacja językowa 5. Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, 319–332.
Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2008). Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport through Talk across Cultures. 2nd ed. London and New York: Continuum.
Stone, Gerald (1977). “Address in the Slavonic languages”. Slavonic and East European Review 55/4: 491–505.
Stone, Gerald (1981). “Pronominal address in Polish”. International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics 2: 55–76.
Taylor, Talbot (1992). Mutual Misunderstandings: Scepticism and the Theorising of Language and Interpretation. London: Routledge.
Terkourafi, Marina (2005). “Beyond the micro-level of in politeness research”. Journal of Politeness Research 1: 237–262.
Terkourafi, Marina (2008). “Toward a unified theory of politeness, impoliteness, and rudeness”. In: Derek Bousfield, Miriam Locher (eds). Impoliteness in language. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, 45-74.
Tomaszkiewicz, Teresa (2006). Przekład audiowizualny. Warszawa: PWN.
Van der Bom, Isabelle, Sara Mills (2013). “A discursive approach to the analysis of politeness data”. Journal of Politeness Research 11/2: 179–206.
Vismans, Roe (2019). “Address negotiations in Dutch emails”. In: Bettina Kluga, María Irene Moyna (eds.). “It’s not all about you”: New Perspectives on Address Research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 253–280.
Watts, Richard J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Watts, Richard J. (2005). “Linguistic politeness research: Quo vadis?”. In: Richard J. Watts, Sachiko Ide, Konrad Ehlich (eds.). Politeness in Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, xi–xlvii.
Watts, Richard J., Sachiko Ide, Konrad Ehlich (1992). Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Wenger, Etienne (1988). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Werkhofer, Konrad (2005). “Traditional and modern views: The social constitution and power of politeness”. In: Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide, Konrad Ehlich (eds.). Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 155–199.
Zaręba, Alfred (1974). “Czasowniki określające sposób zwracania się do drugiej osoby. Język Polski LIV: 376–388.
Zwicky, Arnold (1974). ““Hey, whatsyourname!””. Chicago Linguistics Society 10: 787–801.
