Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweRoszczenia restytucyjne z zakresu podwodnego dziedzictwa kultury – sprawa Brązu Getty’ego
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26881/gsp.2021.2.04Słowa kluczowe:
podwodne dziedzictwo kultury, restytucja dóbr kultury, nakaz wydania, zasada lex rei sitae, zwrot dzieł sztuki antycznejAbstrakt
W artykule przytoczone skomplikowane dzieje antycznej rzeźby znanej jako Brąz Getty’ego (Atleta z Fano, Zwycięski Młodzieniec), datowanej na IV wiek p.n.e. i wydobytej przeszło 50 lat temu z dna Adriatyku u wybrzeży Włoch, a obecnie znajdującej się w Muzeum Getty’ego w Kalifornii. Spór Muzeum z Republiką Włoską trwa od lat; niedawny wyrok włoskiego Sądu Najwyższego utrzymał w mocy nakaz wydania rzeźby „gdziekolwiek się ona znajduje”. Czy nakaz taki może być wykonany za granicą i czy zabytek powróci do Włoch? W artykule poddano analizie prawo właściwe dla nielegalnie wywiezionych dóbr kultury i wskazano przy tym na nieadekwatność zasady lex rei sitae do rozwiązywania sporów windykacyjnych, których przedmiotem są rzeczy będące częścią dziedzictwa kultury całego kraju. Poruszono także zagadnienia wykonania za granicą krajowych nakazów wydania rzeczy i zaproponowano alternatywne rozwiązanie zadawnionego sporu.
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Bibliografia
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Anglim Kreder J., “The Choice Between Civil and Criminal Remedies in Stolen Art Litigation”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 2005, vol. 38.
Armbrüster Ch., “La revendication de biens culturels du point de vue du droit international privé”, Revue critique de droit international privé 2004, vol. 93, no. 4.
Buonomo G.,“La richiesta di pubblicità dell’udienza sull’appartenenza dell’Atleta di Fano”, Diritto penale e processo 2015, no. 9.
ChechiA.,ContelR.,ReinoldM.,“CaseVictoriousYouth–Italyv.J.PaulGettyMuseum”, Platform ArThemis, Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, May 2019, https://plone.unige.ch/art-adr/ca- ses-affaires/victorious-youth-2013-italy-v-j-paul-getty-museum (accessed: 20.04.2021).
Clerici R., “La protection des biens culturels vis-à-vis des règles italiennes de conflit”, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale 1989, vol. 25.
Cuno J., Who Owns Antiquity?: Museums and the Battle over Our Ancient Heritage, Princeton Uni- versity Press, Princeton 2008.
Feldman N.,“The Getty Bronze shouldn’t go back to Italy”, Bloomberg Opinion, 5 December 2018. Fincham D., “How Adopting the Lex Originis Rule Can Impede the Flow of Illicit Cultural Property”,
Columbia Journal of Law and the Arts 2008, vol. 32.
Fincham D., “Transnational Forfeiture of the Getty Bronze”, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 2014, vol. 32.
Fishman J., “Locating the International Interest in International Cultural Property Disputes”, The Yale Law Journal of International Law 2010, vol. 35.
Frigo M., “Circulation des biens culturels, détermination del la loi applicable et méthodes de réglement des litiges”, Hague Collected Courses 2015, vol. 375.
Gaito A., Antinucci M., “Prescrizione, terzo estraneo e confisca in executivis di beni archeologici (a margine della vicenda dell’Atleta Vittorioso di Lisippo)” [in:] La giustizia patrimoniale penale, eds. A. Bargi, A. Cisterna, vol. 2, Turin 2011.
Gerstenblith P., “Enforcement by Domestic Courts, Criminal Law and Forfeiture in Recovery of Cultural Objects” [in:] Enforcing Cultural Heritage Law, eds. F. Francioni, J. Gordley, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
Gerstenblith P., “The Public Interest in the Restitution of Cultural Objects”, The Connecticut Journal of International Law 2001, vol. 16.
Gordley J., “The Enforcement of Foreign Law: Reclaiming One Nation’s Cultural Heritage in Another Nation’s Courts” [in:] Enforcing Cultural Heritage Law, eds. F. Francioni, J. Gordley, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
Hugues J., “The Trend Toward Liberal Enforcement of Repatriation Claims, in Cultural Property
Disputes”, George Washington International Law Review 2000–2001, vol. 33.
Institut de droit international, Session de Bâle 1991, “International Sale of Work of Art from the Angle of the Protection of Cultural Heritage”, Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international 1992, vol. II.
J. Paul Getty Museum return 26 Objects to Italy, 21 November 21, www.getty.edu/news/press/center/statement06_getty_italy_meeting111706.html (accessed: 20.03.2021).
Jayme E., “Globalization in Art Law: Clash of Interests and International Tendencies”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 2005, vol. 38.
Kaye L., “Art Wars: The Repatriation Battle”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 1998, vol. 31, no. 1.
Kowalski W., “Restitution of Works of Art Pursuant to Private and Public International Law”, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law 2001, vol. 288.
Lanciotti A., “Il Getty Bronze: prima un giallo archeologico, poi un rebus giuridico. Profili internazionalistici”, Archivio penale 2019, no. 1.
Lanciotti A., “The Dilemma of the Right to Ownership of Underwater Cultural Heritage: The Case of the ‘Getty Bronze’” [in:] Cultural Heritage, Cultural Rights, Cultural Diversity: New Developments in International Law, eds. S.H. Borelli, F. Lenzerini, Leiden 2012.
Li L., Sargent A., “The Getty Bronze and the Limits of Restitution”, Chapman Law Review 2016, vol. 25.
Merryman J.H., “The Retention of Cultural Property”, U.C Davis Law Review 1988, vol. 21, no. 3. Merryman J.H., “Two Ways of Thinking about Cultural Property”, American Journal of International Law 1986, vol. 80, no. 4.
Metzger O., “Making the Doctrine of Res Extra Commercium Visible in United States Law”, Texas Law Review 1995–1996, vol. 74.
Montagna M., “Il Getty Bronze: prima un giallo archeologico, poi un rebus giuridico. Profili pro- cessualistici”, Archivio penale 2019, no. 1.
Mottese E., “La confisca di beni culturali illecitamente esportati”, Rivista di diritto internazionale 2019, vol. 102, no. 4.
Murali M., “Black Beauty-How Schultz and the Trial of Marion True Changed Museums Acquisitions”, American University Criminal Law Brief 2012, vol. 7.
Nowell G., “American Tools to Control the Illegal Movement of Foreign Origin Archaeological Ma- terials: Criminal and Civil Approaches”, Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 1978, vol. 6, no. 1.
Pecoraro T., “Choice of Law in Litigation to Recover National Cultural Property: Efforts at Har- monization in Private International Law”, Virginia Journal of International Law 1990, vol. 31, issue 1.
Prott L., “Problems of Private International Law for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage”, Hague Collected Courses 1989, vol. 217.
Roodt C., “Restitution of Art and Cultural Objects and its Limits”, Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 2013, vol. XLVI.
Rosecrance B., “Harmonious Meeting: The McCain Decision and the Cultural Property Implemen- tation Act”, Cornell International Law Journal 1986, vol. 19.
Scovazzi T., “Dal Melqart di Sciacca all’Atleta di Lisippo”, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale 2011, vol. 47(1).
Scovazzi T., “The Agreements between the Italian Ministry of Culture and American Museums on the Return of Removed Cultural Properties” [in:] Cultural Heritage. Scenarios 2015–2017, eds. S. Pinton, L. Zagato, Venice 2017.
Scovazzi T., “Un Atleta non ancora giunto a destinazione”, Rivista di Diritto internazionale 2019, vol. 102, fasc. 2.
Siehr K., “International Art Trade and the Law”, Hague Collected Courses 1993, vol. 243.
Spagnoli S., Over Cultural Property: The Case of Italy v. J. Paul Getty Museum, Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Arts Administration, Savannah College of Art and Design, Georgia 2011.
Staker C., “Public International law and the Lex Situs Rule in Property Conflicts and Foreign Expropriations”, British Yearbook of International Law 1987, vol. 58, issue 1.
Symeonides S., “A Choice-of-Law Rule for Conflicts involving Stolen Cultural Property”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 2005, vol. 38.
Urice S.K., “Between Rocks and Hard Places: Unprovenanced Antiquities and the National Stolen Property Act”, New Mexico Law Review 2010, vol. 40.
Vitale K., “The War on Antiquities: United States Law and Foreign Cultural Property”, Notre Dame Law Review 2009, vol. 84.
Weinder A., Kulturgüter als res extra commercium im internationalen Sachenrecht, Berlin – New York 2010.
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Opublikowane
2021-07-06
Jak cytować
Lanciotti, A. . (2021). Roszczenia restytucyjne z zakresu podwodnego dziedzictwa kultury – sprawa Brązu Getty’ego. Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze, (2(50)/2021), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.26881/gsp.2021.2.04
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