Od pierwszych pocałunków do podwójnej penetracji. Transformacja „szwedzkiego grzechu”
Abstrakt
The article focuses on the development of “Swedish sin” in the twentieth century. The author deliberates on how the way of exposing nudity and sexuality in the Swedish cinema has changed over the years. He observes that it was Arne Mattson who broke down a cultural taboo by depicting the images of young and naked females, just a few years after World War II. Pictures of intercourses between the lovers shocked audiences in Western Europe, as well as in the United States. Although at that time the biggest authorities (with Ingmar Bergman ahead) started their fight for freedom of speech, the Swedish cinema soon began to be stigmatised and seen as obscene. It was related to the emerging of so-called “golden era of the Swedish porn” which had started in 1971, right after the abolition of porn prohibition. The author examines the chosen works of several important Scandinavian researchers to emphasise that what most people recognise as “Swedish sin” at the beginning used to mean idyllic love.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Altman, R. (2012). Gatunki filmowe (tłum. M. Zawadzka). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Andersson, J. (2013). Hans favorit var falukorv. „Aftonbladet”. http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/article17277370.ab (dostęp: 21.12.2016).
Åberg, A. (2010). The Reception of Vilgot Sjöman’s Curious films [w:] M. Larsson, A. Marklund (red.), Swedish Film: An Introduction and Reader. Lund: Nordic Academy Press.
Björklund, E. (2011). ‘This is a dirty movie’ – Taxi Driver and ‘Swedish sin’. „Journal of Scandinavian Cinema”, vol. 1, no. 2.
Brown, J. (1955). Sin & Sweden. „Time”, 25 kwietnia.
Filthy Media (2016). History of Berth Milton’s Private Magazine. https://filthy.media/history-of-berth-miltons-private-magazine (dostęp: 19.12.2016).
Film Reference. http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Romantic-Comedy-Yugoslavia/Sweden-THE-FILM-REFORM.html (dostęp: 19.12.2016).
Furhammar, L. (1991). Filmen i Sverige: En historia i tio kapitel. Höganäs: Wiken.
Hale, F. (2003). „Time” for Sex in Sweden: Enhancing the Myth of the „Swedish Sin” during the 1950s. „Scandinavian Studies”, vol. 75, no. 3.
Hedling, E. (2008). Breaking the Swedish Sex Barrier: Painful Lustfulness in Ingmar Bergman’s The Silence.„Film International”, vol. 6.
Holmberg, J. (2010). Censorship in Sweden, [w:] M. Larsson, A. Marklund (red.), Swedish Film: An Introduction and the Reader. Lund: Nordic Academy Press.
Kulick, D. (2005). Four Hundred Thousand Swedish Perverts. „GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies”, vol. 11, no. 2.
Kuzma, M. (2008).Whatever Happened to Sex in Scandinavia? I Am Curious (Yellow. „Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context, and Enquiry”, vol. 17.
Larsson, M. (2009). Drawing the Line: Generic Boundaries of the Pornographic Film in Early 1970s Sweden, [w:] K. Bergman, P. Bäckström, C. Clæsson, L. Dahlberg, T. Forslid, C. Franzén, A. Cullhed, S. Helgesson, P. Henrikson, J. Ingvarsson, A. Johansson, C. Johansson, C. Lindhé, R. Lysell, H. Möller, B. Novén, J. Orlov, C. Sjöholm, J. Sundén, M. Ullén (red.), NORLIT 2009: Codex and Code; Aesthetics; Language and Politics in an Age of Digital Media. Stockholm: Linköping University Electronic Press.
Larsson, M. (2010). Contested Pleasures [w:] M. Larsson, A. Marklund (red.), Swedish Film: An Introduction and the Reader. Lund: Nordic Academy Press.
Larsson, M. (2015). Ingmar Bergman, Swedish sexploitation and early Swedish porn. „Journal of Scandinavian Cinema”, vol. 5, no. 1.
Lehman, P. (2006). Revelations about Pornography” [w:] P. Lehman (red.), Pornography: Film and Culture. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Lottes, L. (2002). Sexual Health Policies in Other Industrialized Countries: Are There Lessons for the United States?. „Journal of Sex Research”, vol. 39, no. 1.
Lunde, A. (2016). The Story of a Bad Girl! Summer with Monica, Sexploitation and the Selling of Erotic Bergman in America [w:] E. Björklund, M. Larsson (red.), Swedish Cinema and the Sexual Revolution. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pornography (dostęp: 22.13.2016).
Paasonen, S. (2015). Smutty Swedes: Sex films, pornography and good sex, [w:] D. Kerr, D. Peberdy (red.), Tainted Love: Screening Sexual Perversities. Londyn: I.B. Tauris.
Schaefer, E. (1999). “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!”: A History of Exploitation Films, 1919–1959. Durham: Duke University Press.
Stevenson, J. (2010). Scandinavian Blue: The Erotic Cinema of Sweden and Denmark in the 1960s and 1970s. Jefferson: McFarland.
UU.se. http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/ (dostęp: 19.12.2016).
Williams, L. (2004). Porn Studies. Durham i Londyn: Duke University Press.
Weitzer, R. (2000). Sex For Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry. Routledge: Psychology Press.