Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweSobreparto and the lonely childbirth: Postpartum illness and embodiment of emotions among Andean migrants in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4467/254395379EPT.16.003.6482Słowa kluczowe:
sobreparto, postpartum illness, childbirth, embodiment of eemotions, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BoliviaAbstrakt
The goal of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of sobreparto, a traditionally Andean postpartum condition, among Andean migrants to the lowland city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Although matters of maternal health have usually be examined through the lens of traditional Andean understandings of the body, health, and illness, it is also analytically worthwhile to foreground the social and emotional dimensions of this postpartum illness. This is especially important given the fact that most research participants emphasised that biomedical doctors do not know how to cure sobreparto. In particular, it is especially productive to consider it as a lens for wider, not necessarily medical, processes at work in migrant women’s lives, such as motherhood and womanhood, emotions and sociality, or the biomedicalisation of pregnancy and childbirth. While narrating their individual experiences of sobreparto, female migrants in Santa Cruz pointed to aspects of women’s lives beyond the episodes of illness, revealing the complex landscapes of their everyday existence. Using migrants’ accounts of their experiences of childbirth, I argue that sobreparto may be read as a way of dealing with the feeling of loneliness within a weakened social network, so common among migrants to urban areas. Furthermore, this postpartum illness becomes an emblem of ethnicity for the Andean migrants in the increasingly biomedicalised landscape of childbirth in Santa Cruz, enabling them to articulate an embodied commentary on the social realities they experience.
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Bibliografia
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Allen, C.J. (1982). Body and soul in Quechua thought, Journal of Latin American Lore, 8(2), 179–196.
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Arnold, D.Y., de Dios Yapita, J. et al. (2002). Las wawas del Inka: Hacia la salud materna intercultural en algunas comunidades andinas. La Paz: ILCA.
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Barlow, K., Chapin B.L. (2010). The practice of mothering: An introduction, Ethos, 38(4), 324–338.
Bastien, J.W. (1978). Mountain of the condor. Metaphor and ritual in an Andean ayllu. St Paul: West Publishing Co.
Bastien, J.W. (1987). Healers of the Andes: Kallawaya herbalists and their medicinal plants. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Bastien, J.W. (2003). Sucking blood or snatching fat: Chagas’ disease in Bolivia. In: J.D. Koss-Chioino, T. Leatherman, Ch. Greenway (eds.), Medical pluralism in the Andes (pp. 166–187). New York: Routledge.
Becker, G. (1997). Disrupted lives: How people create meaning in a chaotic world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bourque, S.C. & Warren, K.B. (1981). Women of the Andes: Patriarchy and social change in two Peruvian towns. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Bradby, B.&Murphy-Lawless, J. (2002). Reducing maternal mortality and morbidity in Bolivia: Appropriate birth practices in the formal and informal sectors of perinalatal care. La Paz: ILCA.
Bradby, B. (1999). Will I return or not?: Migrant women in Bolivia negotiate hospital birth, Women’s Studies International Forum, 22(3), 287–301.
Bradby, B. (2002). Local knowledge in health: The case of Andean midwifery. In: H. Stobart & R. Howard (eds.), Knowledge and learning in the Andes: Ethnographic perspectives (pp. 166-193). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Canessa, A. (2000). Fear and loathing on the kharisiri trail: Alteritiy and identity in the Andes, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 6(4), 705–720.
Cavender, A.P. & Albán, M. (2009). The use of magical plants by curanderos in the Ecuador highlands, Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine, 5(3), 1–9.
Cooley, S. (2008). Bringing body to bear in the Andes: Ethnicity, gender, and health in Highland Ecuador, Michigan Discussions in Anthropology, 17(1), 132–160.
Crandon-Malamud, L. (1991). From the fat of our souls: Social change, political process and medical pluralism in Bolivia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cuaresma, S., Ricardo, C. (eds.) (2005). Diccionario quechua-español-quechua. Cuzco: Gobierno Regional Cusco.
Das, V, Kleinman, A. & Lock, M.M. (eds.) (2001). Remaking a world: violence, social suffering, and recovery. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dibbits, I. (2003). Uno de dos: El involucramiento de los hombres en la atención de la salud perinatal, revelaciones desde Santa Rosa y Rosas Pampa, el Alto, Bolivia. La Paz: TAHIPAMU.
Figes, K. (2008) [1998]. Life after birth. London: Virago.
Frisancho Pineda, D. (1973). Medicina indígena y popular. Lima: Librería Editorial Juan Mejía Baca.
Galindo Soza, M. (2010). El progreso invisible. El Seguro Universal Materno Infantil. La Paz: Fundación Milenio.
Garro, L.C. (1992). Chronic illness and the construction on narratives. In: M.-J. DelVecchio
Good, P.E. Brodwin, B.J. Good & A. Kleinman (eds.). Pain as human experience: An anthropological perspective (pp. 100–137). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gonzales, S.F. et al. (1991). Qualitative research on knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to women’s reproductive health, Working paper no. 9. Prepared by Centro de Investigación Análisis y Estudios Socioeconómicos and MotherCare Project, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
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Greenway, Ch. (1998). Hungry earth and vengeful stars: Soul loss and identity in the Peruvian Andes, Social Science &Medicine, 47(8), 993–1004.
Hogan, M.C. (ed.) (2014). Prosopis alba. South American Mestique, http://eol.org/pages/695196/names/common_names [accessed on: 07.10.2014].
Hrdy, S.B. (1999). Mother nature: Natural selection and the female of the species. London: Chatto & Windus.
Hrdy, S.B. (2009). Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Irving, A. (2005). Life made strange: An essay on the re-inhabitation of bodies and landscapes. In: W. James & D. Mills (eds.), The qualities of time: Anthropological approaches (pp. 317–329). Oxford: Berg.
Kleinman, A. (1992). Pain and resistance: The delegitimation and relegitimation of local worlds In: M.-J. DelVecchio Good, P.E. Brodwin, B.J. Good, & A. Kleinman (eds.), Pain as human experience: An anthropological perspective (pp. 169–197), Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kleinman, A. (2006). What really matters. Living a moral life amidst uncertainty and danger. New York: Oxford University Press.
Larme, A.C. & Leatherman T. (2003). Why sobreparto? Women’s work, health and reproduction in two districts of southern Peru. In: J.D. Koss-Chioino, T. Leatherman, Ch. Greenway (eds.), Medical pluralism in the Andes (pp. 191–208). New York: Routledge.
Larme, A.C. (1993). Work, reproduction, and health in two Andean communities (Department of Puno, Peru). Working Paper No. 5. Production, storage, and exchange project. University of North Carolina Department of Anthropology, Chapel Hill, NC.
Larme, A.C. (1998). Environment, vulnerability and gender in Andean ethnomedicine, Social Science & Medicine, 47(8), 1005–1015.
Leatherman, T. (1998). Changing biocultural perspectives on health in the Andes. Social Science & Medicine, 47(8), 1031–1041.
Lira, J.A. (1985). Medicina andina. Farmacopoea y ritual. Cusco: Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos.
Loza, C.B.&Álvarez, W. (2011). Sobreparto de la mujer indígena, saberes y prácticas para reducir la muerte materna. La Paz: INBOMETRAKA.
Luerssen, J.S. (1993). Illness and household reproduction in a highly monetized rural economy: Acase from the Southern Peruvian Highlands, Journal of Anthropological Research, 49(3), 255–281.
Macía, M.J., García, E. & Vidaurre, P.J. (2005). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97, 337–350.
Mattingly, Ch. & Garro, L.C. (2001). Narrative as construct and construction. In: Ch. Mattingly&L.C. Garro (eds.), Narrative and the cultural construction of illness and healing (pp. 1–49). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Miles, A. & Leatherman, T. (2003). Perspectives on medical anthropology in the Andes. In: J.D. Koss-Chioino, T. Leatherman & Ch. Greenway (eds.), Medical pluralism in the Andes (pp. 3–15), New York: Routledge.
Ministerio de Salud y Deportes. (2006). Protocolos de de atención materna y neonatal culturalmente adecuados. La Paz: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes/Organización Panamericana de Salud – Organización Mundial de Salud/Causananchispaj.
Molinié Fioravanti, A. (1991). Sebo bueno, indio muerto: La estructura de una creencia andina, Bulletin de l’Institut d’Études Andines, 20(1), 79–92.
Morgan, L. (1997). Imagining the unborn in the Ecuadoran Andes, Feminist Studies, 23(2), 322–350.
Murphy-Lawless, J. (1998). Reading birth and death. A history of obstetric thinking. Cork: Cork University Press.
Plath, O. (1981). Folclor médico chileno: Antropología y salud. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Grijalbo.
Platt, T. (1997). The sound of light: Emergent communication through Quechua shamanic dialogue. In: R. Howard-Malverde (ed.), Creating context in Andean cultures (pp. 196–226). New York: Oxford University Press.
Platt, T. (2002). El feto agresivo: Parto, formación de la persona y mitohistoria en los Andes, Estudios Atacameños, 22, 127–155.
Platt, T. (2013). Care and carelessness in rural Bolivia: Silence and emotion in Quechua childbirth testimonies, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Études Andines, 42(3), 333–351.
Rivi`ere, G. (1991). Lik’ichiri y kharisiri… A propósito de las representaciones del ‘otro’ en la sociedad Aymara, Bulletin de l’Institut d’Études Andines, 20(1), 23–40.
Sikkink, L. (2010). New cures, old medicines: Women and the commercialization of traditional medicine in Bolivia. Belmont: Wadsworth/Cencage Learning.
Suárez, M.M. (1974). Etiology, hunger, and folk diseased in the Venezuelan Andes, Journal of Anthropological Research, 30(1), 41–54.
Tapias, M. (2006). Emotions and the intergenerational embodiment of social suffering in rural Bolivia, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 20(3), 399–415.
Tapias, M. (2015). Embodied protests: Emotions and women’s health in Bolivia. Urbana: Univer- sity of Illinois Press.
Tousignant, M. (1989). Sadness, depression and social reciprocity in Higland Ecuador, Social Science & Medicine, 28(9), 899–904.
Wachtel, N. (1994). Gods and vampires: Return to Chipaya, transl. by C. Volk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
WHO, UNICEF, United Nations Population Fund & The World Bank (2014). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2006). “Mortality country fact sheet 2006: Bolivia”, http://www.who.int/whosis/mort/profiles/mort_amro_bol_bolivia.pdf [accessed on: 13.12.2011].
WHO (2010). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision. Vol. 1: Tabular list. Vol. 2: Instruction manual. Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2014). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112682/2/9789241507226_eng.pdf?ua=1 [accessed on: 25.04.2015].
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WHO/UNICEF (1990). “Revised 1990 estimates of maternal mortality:Anew approach by
WHO and UNICEF”, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1996/WHO_FRH_MSM_96. 11.pdf [accessed on: 13.12.2011].
Yon Leau, C. (2000). Hablan las mujeres andinas: Preferencias reproductivas y anticoncepción. Lima: Movimiento Manuela Ramos.
Allen, C.J. (1982). Body and soul in Quechua thought, Journal of Latin American Lore, 8(2), 179–196.
Arnold, D.Y., Murphy-Lawless, J. et al. (2001). Hacia un modelo social del parto: Debates obstétricos interculturales en el altiplano boliviano. La Paz: ILCA.
Arnold, D.Y., de Dios Yapita, J. et al. (2002). Las wawas del Inka: Hacia la salud materna intercultural en algunas comunidades andinas. La Paz: ILCA.
Balladelli, P. P. (1988). Entre lo mágico y lo natural. Quito: Abya-Yala.
Barlow, K., Chapin B.L. (2010). The practice of mothering: An introduction, Ethos, 38(4), 324–338.
Bastien, J.W. (1978). Mountain of the condor. Metaphor and ritual in an Andean ayllu. St Paul: West Publishing Co.
Bastien, J.W. (1987). Healers of the Andes: Kallawaya herbalists and their medicinal plants. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Bastien, J.W. (2003). Sucking blood or snatching fat: Chagas’ disease in Bolivia. In: J.D. Koss-Chioino, T. Leatherman, Ch. Greenway (eds.), Medical pluralism in the Andes (pp. 166–187). New York: Routledge.
Becker, G. (1997). Disrupted lives: How people create meaning in a chaotic world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bourque, S.C. & Warren, K.B. (1981). Women of the Andes: Patriarchy and social change in two Peruvian towns. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Bradby, B.&Murphy-Lawless, J. (2002). Reducing maternal mortality and morbidity in Bolivia: Appropriate birth practices in the formal and informal sectors of perinalatal care. La Paz: ILCA.
Bradby, B. (1999). Will I return or not?: Migrant women in Bolivia negotiate hospital birth, Women’s Studies International Forum, 22(3), 287–301.
Bradby, B. (2002). Local knowledge in health: The case of Andean midwifery. In: H. Stobart & R. Howard (eds.), Knowledge and learning in the Andes: Ethnographic perspectives (pp. 166-193). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Canessa, A. (2000). Fear and loathing on the kharisiri trail: Alteritiy and identity in the Andes, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 6(4), 705–720.
Cavender, A.P. & Albán, M. (2009). The use of magical plants by curanderos in the Ecuador highlands, Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine, 5(3), 1–9.
Cooley, S. (2008). Bringing body to bear in the Andes: Ethnicity, gender, and health in Highland Ecuador, Michigan Discussions in Anthropology, 17(1), 132–160.
Crandon-Malamud, L. (1991). From the fat of our souls: Social change, political process and medical pluralism in Bolivia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cuaresma, S., Ricardo, C. (eds.) (2005). Diccionario quechua-español-quechua. Cuzco: Gobierno Regional Cusco.
Das, V, Kleinman, A. & Lock, M.M. (eds.) (2001). Remaking a world: violence, social suffering, and recovery. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dibbits, I. (2003). Uno de dos: El involucramiento de los hombres en la atención de la salud perinatal, revelaciones desde Santa Rosa y Rosas Pampa, el Alto, Bolivia. La Paz: TAHIPAMU.
Figes, K. (2008) [1998]. Life after birth. London: Virago.
Frisancho Pineda, D. (1973). Medicina indígena y popular. Lima: Librería Editorial Juan Mejía Baca.
Galindo Soza, M. (2010). El progreso invisible. El Seguro Universal Materno Infantil. La Paz: Fundación Milenio.
Garro, L.C. (1992). Chronic illness and the construction on narratives. In: M.-J. DelVecchio
Good, P.E. Brodwin, B.J. Good & A. Kleinman (eds.). Pain as human experience: An anthropological perspective (pp. 100–137). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gonzales, S.F. et al. (1991). Qualitative research on knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to women’s reproductive health, Working paper no. 9. Prepared by Centro de Investigación Análisis y Estudios Socioeconómicos and MotherCare Project, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Good, B.J. (1992). The body in pain: The making of a world of chronic pain. In: M.J. DelVecchio Good, P.E. Brodwin, B.J. Good & A. Kleinman (eds.), Pain as human experience: An anthropological perspective (pp. 29–48). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Greenway, Ch. (1998). Hungry earth and vengeful stars: Soul loss and identity in the Peruvian Andes, Social Science &Medicine, 47(8), 993–1004.
Hogan, M.C. (ed.) (2014). Prosopis alba. South American Mestique, http://eol.org/pages/695196/names/common_names [accessed on: 07.10.2014].
Hrdy, S.B. (1999). Mother nature: Natural selection and the female of the species. London: Chatto & Windus.
Hrdy, S.B. (2009). Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Irving, A. (2005). Life made strange: An essay on the re-inhabitation of bodies and landscapes. In: W. James & D. Mills (eds.), The qualities of time: Anthropological approaches (pp. 317–329). Oxford: Berg.
Kleinman, A. (1992). Pain and resistance: The delegitimation and relegitimation of local worlds In: M.-J. DelVecchio Good, P.E. Brodwin, B.J. Good, & A. Kleinman (eds.), Pain as human experience: An anthropological perspective (pp. 169–197), Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kleinman, A. (2006). What really matters. Living a moral life amidst uncertainty and danger. New York: Oxford University Press.
Larme, A.C. & Leatherman T. (2003). Why sobreparto? Women’s work, health and reproduction in two districts of southern Peru. In: J.D. Koss-Chioino, T. Leatherman, Ch. Greenway (eds.), Medical pluralism in the Andes (pp. 191–208). New York: Routledge.
Larme, A.C. (1993). Work, reproduction, and health in two Andean communities (Department of Puno, Peru). Working Paper No. 5. Production, storage, and exchange project. University of North Carolina Department of Anthropology, Chapel Hill, NC.
Larme, A.C. (1998). Environment, vulnerability and gender in Andean ethnomedicine, Social Science & Medicine, 47(8), 1005–1015.
Leatherman, T. (1998). Changing biocultural perspectives on health in the Andes. Social Science & Medicine, 47(8), 1031–1041.
Lira, J.A. (1985). Medicina andina. Farmacopoea y ritual. Cusco: Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos.
Loza, C.B.&Álvarez, W. (2011). Sobreparto de la mujer indígena, saberes y prácticas para reducir la muerte materna. La Paz: INBOMETRAKA.
Luerssen, J.S. (1993). Illness and household reproduction in a highly monetized rural economy: Acase from the Southern Peruvian Highlands, Journal of Anthropological Research, 49(3), 255–281.
Macía, M.J., García, E. & Vidaurre, P.J. (2005). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97, 337–350.
Mattingly, Ch. & Garro, L.C. (2001). Narrative as construct and construction. In: Ch. Mattingly&L.C. Garro (eds.), Narrative and the cultural construction of illness and healing (pp. 1–49). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Miles, A. & Leatherman, T. (2003). Perspectives on medical anthropology in the Andes. In: J.D. Koss-Chioino, T. Leatherman & Ch. Greenway (eds.), Medical pluralism in the Andes (pp. 3–15), New York: Routledge.
Ministerio de Salud y Deportes. (2006). Protocolos de de atención materna y neonatal culturalmente adecuados. La Paz: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes/Organización Panamericana de Salud – Organización Mundial de Salud/Causananchispaj.
Molinié Fioravanti, A. (1991). Sebo bueno, indio muerto: La estructura de una creencia andina, Bulletin de l’Institut d’Études Andines, 20(1), 79–92.
Morgan, L. (1997). Imagining the unborn in the Ecuadoran Andes, Feminist Studies, 23(2), 322–350.
Murphy-Lawless, J. (1998). Reading birth and death. A history of obstetric thinking. Cork: Cork University Press.
Plath, O. (1981). Folclor médico chileno: Antropología y salud. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Grijalbo.
Platt, T. (1997). The sound of light: Emergent communication through Quechua shamanic dialogue. In: R. Howard-Malverde (ed.), Creating context in Andean cultures (pp. 196–226). New York: Oxford University Press.
Platt, T. (2002). El feto agresivo: Parto, formación de la persona y mitohistoria en los Andes, Estudios Atacameños, 22, 127–155.
Platt, T. (2013). Care and carelessness in rural Bolivia: Silence and emotion in Quechua childbirth testimonies, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Études Andines, 42(3), 333–351.
Rivi`ere, G. (1991). Lik’ichiri y kharisiri… A propósito de las representaciones del ‘otro’ en la sociedad Aymara, Bulletin de l’Institut d’Études Andines, 20(1), 23–40.
Sikkink, L. (2010). New cures, old medicines: Women and the commercialization of traditional medicine in Bolivia. Belmont: Wadsworth/Cencage Learning.
Suárez, M.M. (1974). Etiology, hunger, and folk diseased in the Venezuelan Andes, Journal of Anthropological Research, 30(1), 41–54.
Tapias, M. (2006). Emotions and the intergenerational embodiment of social suffering in rural Bolivia, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 20(3), 399–415.
Tapias, M. (2015). Embodied protests: Emotions and women’s health in Bolivia. Urbana: Univer- sity of Illinois Press.
Tousignant, M. (1989). Sadness, depression and social reciprocity in Higland Ecuador, Social Science & Medicine, 28(9), 899–904.
Wachtel, N. (1994). Gods and vampires: Return to Chipaya, transl. by C. Volk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
WHO, UNICEF, United Nations Population Fund & The World Bank (2014). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2006). “Mortality country fact sheet 2006: Bolivia”, http://www.who.int/whosis/mort/profiles/mort_amro_bol_bolivia.pdf [accessed on: 13.12.2011].
WHO (2010). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision. Vol. 1: Tabular list. Vol. 2: Instruction manual. Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2014). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112682/2/9789241507226_eng.pdf?ua=1 [accessed on: 25.04.2015].
WHO (2015). “Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health: Maternal and perinatal health”, http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/maternal/maternal_perinatal/en/ [accessed on: 04.04.2015].
WHO/UNICEF (1990). “Revised 1990 estimates of maternal mortality:Anew approach by
WHO and UNICEF”, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1996/WHO_FRH_MSM_96. 11.pdf [accessed on: 13.12.2011].
Yon Leau, C. (2000). Hablan las mujeres andinas: Preferencias reproductivas y anticoncepción. Lima: Movimiento Manuela Ramos.
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2016-12-30
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Kuberska, K. . (2016). Sobreparto and the lonely childbirth: Postpartum illness and embodiment of emotions among Andean migrants in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Etnografia. Praktyki, Teorie, Doświadczenia, (2), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.4467/254395379EPT.16.003.6482
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Czasopismo wydawane jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
