Uniwersyteckie Czasopisma NaukoweEffectiveness of the United Kingdom Soil Protection Laws in Protecting the Ecosystem Service of Carbon Sequestration Introduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26881/gsp.2021.3.08Słowa kluczowe:
sekwestracja węgla; zmiana klimatu; usługi ekosystemowe; ochrona glebyAbstrakt
Węgiel ma kluczowe znaczenie dla życia i występuje w przyrodzie w różnych formach, takich jak tkanki roślinne, materia organiczna gleby, geologia i atmosfera. Istnieje bezpośredni związek między poziomem dwutlenku węgla (CO2) w atmosferze a wzrostem temperatury. CO2 jest usuwany z atmosfery i magazynowany w ekosystemach. Sekwestracja węgla (CS) – proces wychwytywania i przechowywania atmosferycznego CO2 – oraz rozszerzanie się magazynowania węgla w glebach są jedną z form reakcji na wyzwania związane ze zmianami klimatu. Gleby rolnicze są jednym z największych zbiorników węgla i mają potencjał dla rozszerzonej jego sekwestracji. Tak więc ochrona tej usługi ekosystemowej, którą uzyskujemy z gleby, ma kluczowe znaczenie dla adaptacji zmian klimatu. Prawodawstwo dotyczące ochrony gleby powinno uwzględniać znaczenie sekwestracji węgla.
Kluczowe kwestie w sferze zasobów przyrodniczych mogą być rozwiązane jedynie poprzez wykorzystanie dorobku nauk przyrodniczych w argumentacji prawniczej. W związku z tym niniejsze badanie rozpoczyna się od podkreślenia znaczenia gleb dla sekwestracji węgla z perspektywy nauk przyrodniczych. Niniejsze badanie analizuje przepisy dotyczące ochrony gleby w Wielkiej Brytanii, sprawdzając, czy eliminują one presję na gleby rolnicze w sposób, który chroni usługi sekwestracji. Wyniki tego badania sugerują, że przepisy dotyczące ochrony gleby nie zapewniają zadowalającej ochrony tej funkcji. Na zakończenie omawiamy alternatywne podejścia do skutecznej ochrony sekwestracji węgla i proponujemy rozwiązania mające na celu odwrócenie obecnych trendów w ochronie usług ekosystemowych.
Downloads
Bibliografia
Balmford A. et al., „Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature” (2002) 297 Science 950.
Balmford A. et al., “Bringing Ecosystem Services into the Real World: An Operational Framework for Assessing the Economic Consequences of Losing Wild Nature” (2011) 48 Environ Resource Econ 161.
Banwart S. et al., „Benefits of soil carbon: report on the outcomes of an international scientific committee on problems of the environment rapid assessment workshop” (2014) 5 Carbon Manag 185.
Barrios E., „Soil Biota, Ecosystem Services and Land Productivity” (2007) 64 Ecological Economics 269.
Bashagaluke J.B. et al., „Soil Nutrient Loss Through Erosion: Impact of Different Cropping Systems and Soil Amendments in Ghana” 13 PLoS ONE e0208250.
Bateman I.J. et al., “Bringing Ecosystem Services into Economic Decision making: Land Use in the United Kingdom” (2013) 341 Science 45.
Bhat U.N. and Khan A.B., „Heavy Metals: An Ambiguous Category of Inorganic Contaminants, Nutrients and Toxins” (2011) 5 Res. J. Environ. Sci. 682.
Blouin M. et al., „A review of earthworm impact on soil function and ecosystem services” (2013) 64 Soil Sci. 161.
Boyer S. and Wratten S.D., „The Potential of Earthworms to Restore Ecosystem Services After Opencast Mining – A Review” (2010) 11 BAAE 196.
Boysen L.R. et al., „Trade-offs for food production, nature conservation and climate limit the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal potential” (2017) 3 Global Change Biol 30.
Carpenter S.R., „Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems: Bistability and soil phosphorus” (2005) 102 PNAS 10002.
Carpenter S.R. et al., “Science for Managing Ecosystem Services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment” (2009) 106 PNAS 1305.
Chen G. et al., “Soil microbial activities and carbon and nitrogen fixation” (2003) 154 Res Microbiol 393.
Chen S. et al., “Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage” (2018) 115 PNAS 4027.
Cieślik B.M. et al., “Review of sewage sludge management: standards, regulations and analytical methods” (2015) 90 Journal of Cleaner Production 1. Clapperton J., “Managing the Soil as a Habitat” (2006) Proceedings of the 2006 Indiana CCA Conference https://www.agry.purdue.edu/cca/2006/pdf/clapperton.pdf
Crathorne B. et al., “Implementation of HACCP controls under the new Sludge (Use in Agriculture) Regulations” in Proceedings of CIWEM/Aqua Enviro 7th European Bio Solids and Organic Residuals Conference 2002.
De Groot R.S. et al., “Challenges in Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Services and Values in Landscape Planning, Management and Decision Making” (2010) 7 Ecological Complexity 260.
De Vries F.T. et al., “Soil food web properties explain ecosystem services across European land use systems” (2013) 110 PNAS 14296.
Dobbs C. et al., “Multiple Ecosystem Services and Disservices of the Urban Forest Establishing Their Connections With Landscape Structure and Sociodemogrphics” (2014) 43 Ecol. Indic. 44.
Doran J.W. and Zeiss M.R., “Soil Health and Sustainability: Managing the Biotic Component of Soil Quality” (2000) 15 Applied Soil Ecology 3.
Fisher B. et al., “Defining and Classifying Ecosystem Services for Decision Making” (2009) 68 Ecological Economics 643.
Franco A.J. et al., “Linking soil engineers, structural stability, and organic matter allocation to unravel soil carbon responses to land-use change” (2020) 150 Soil Biol. Biochem. 107998.
Frelih-Larsen A. et al., “Updated Inventory and Assessment of Soil Protection Policy Instruments in EU Member States” Final Report to DG Environment (February 2017).
Glotzbach S. and Baumgärtner S., “The relationship between intragenerational and intergenerational ecological justice” (2012) 21 Environ. Values 331.
Gougoulias C. et al., “The role of soil microbes in the global carbon cycle: tracking the belowground microbial processing of plant-derived carbon for manipulating carbon dynamics in agricultural systems” (2014) 94 J Sci Food Agric 2362.
Graves A.R. et al., “The total costs of soil degradation in England and Wales” (2015) 119 Ecological Economics 399.
Green I. et al., “Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils” [in:] Environmental Loss and Damage in a Comparative Law Perspective: Attribution, Liability, Compensation and Restoration, eds B. Pozzo and V. Jacometti (Intersentia, Cambridge 2020).
Haddaway N.R. et al., “How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review” (2017) 6 Environmental Evidence 30.
Helm D., “Agriculture After Brexit” (2017) 33 Oxford Rev. Econ. Policy S124.
Hijbeek R. et al., “Fertiliser use and soil carbon sequestration: trade-offs and opportunities” (2019) (CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security – Working Paper No. 264).
Inglezakis V. et al., “European Union legislation on sewage sludge management” (2014) 23 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 635.
Johannsen S.S. and Armitage P., “Agricultural Practice and the Effects of Agricultural Land-Use on Water Quality” (2010) 28 Freshwater Forum 45.
Karlen D.L. et al., “Soil Quality: A Concept, Definition, and Framework for Evaluation” (1997) 61 Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 4.
Keestra S.D. et al., “The Significance of Soils and Soil Science Towards Realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals” (2016) 2 Soil 111.
Khorramdel S. et al., “Evaluation of carbon sequestration potential in corn fields with different management systems” (2013) 133 Soil and Tillage Research 25.
Kraemer R.A. et al., “EU Soil Protection Policy: Current Status and the Way Forward” (November 2004).
Lal R., “Beyond Copenhagen: mitigating climate change and achieving food security through soil carbon sequestration” (2010) 2 Food Security 167.
Lal R., “Managing Soils and Ecosystems for Mitigating Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions and Advancing Global Food Security” (2010) 60 BioScience 708.
Lal R., “Managing soils for negative feedback to climate change and positive impact on food and nutritional security” (2020) 66 Soil Sci Plant Nutr 1.
Lal R., “Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change” (2004) 123 Geoderma 1.
Lemaire G. et al., “Integrated crop–livestock systems: Strategies to achieve synergy between agricultural production and environmental quality” (2014) 190 Agr Ecosyst Environ 4.
Li J.H. et al., “Fertilization with nitrogen and/or phosphorus lowers soil organic carbon sequestration in alpine meadows” (2018) 29 Land Degrad Dev 1634.
Louwagie G. et al., “The Potential of European Union Policies to Address Soil Degradation in Agriculture” (2011) 22 Land Degrad. Develop. 5.
Mahal N.K. et al., “Nitrogen Fertilizer Suppresses Mineralization of Soil Organic Matter in Maize Agroecosystems” (2019) 7 Front. Ecol. Evol 59.
Malik A.A. et al., “Soil Fungal: Bacterial Ratios Are Linked to Altered Carbon Cycling” (2016) 7 Front. Microbiol. 1247.
Midgley G.F. et al., “Terrestrial carbon stocks and biodiversity: Key knowledge gaps and some policy implications” (2010) 2 Curr Opin Environ Sustain 264.
Monbiot G., “The one good thing about Brexit? Leaving the EU’s disgraceful farming system” (The Guardian, 10 October 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/10/ brexit-leaving-eu-farming-agriculture.
Moyer J. et al., “Regenerative Agriculture and the Soil Carbon Solution” (Rodale Institute, September 2020), https://rodaleinstitute.org/education/resources/regenerative-agriculture-andthe-soil-carbon-solution.
Mudgal A. et al., “Effects of long-term soil and crop management on soil hydraulic properties for claypan soils” (2010) 65 J Soil Water Conserv 393.
Mulvaney R.L. et al., “Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers deplete soil nitrogen: a global dilemma for sustainable cereal production” (2009) 38 J. Environ. Qual 2295.
Nafziger E.D. and Dunker R.E., “Soil Organic Carbon Trends Over 100 Years in the Morrow Plots” (2011) 103 Agronomy Journal 261.
Nicholson F.A. et al., “Quantifying heavy metal inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales” (2006) 20 Water Environ J 87.
Nunes F.C. et al., “Soil as a complex ecological system for meeting food and nutritional security” [in:] Climate Change and Soil Interactions, eds M.N.V. Prasad and M. Pietrzykowski (Elsevier 2020).
Olson K.R. et al., “Experimental Consideration, Treatments, and Methods in Determining Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Rates” (2014) 78 Soil Sci Soc Am J 348.
Ontl T.A. and Schulte L.A., “Soil Carbon Storage” (2012) 3 Nature Education Knowledge 35.
Ouyang Y. et al., “Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria are more responsive than archaea to nitrogen source in an agricultural soil” (2016) 96 Soil Biol. Biochem. 4.
Pe’er G. et al., “Is the CAP Fit for purpose? An evidence-based fitness-check assessment” (November 2017), http://extranet.greens-efa-service.eu/public/media/file/1/5401.
Peoples M.B. et al., “The Contributions of Legumes to Reducing the Environmental Risk of Agricultural Production” [in:] Agroecosystem Diversity, eds G. Lemaire G et al. (Academic Press 2019).
Posthumus H. et al., “Soil conservation in two English catchments: Linking soil management with policies” (2011) 22 Land Degrad. Develop. 97.
Power A., “Ecosystem Services and Agriculture: Tradeoffs and Synergies” (2010) 365 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2959.
Pribyl D.W., “A critical review of the conventional SOC to SOM conversion factor” (2010) 156 Geoderma 75.
Raudsepp-Hearne C. et al., “Ecosystem Service Bundles for Analyzing Tradeoffs in Diverse Landscapes” (2010) 107 PNAS 5242.
Rousk J et al., “Fungal and bacterial growth responses to N fertilization and pH in the 150-year ‘Park Grass’ UK grassland experiment” (2011) 76 FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 89.
Ruhl J.B., “Farms, Their Environmental Harms, and Environmental Law” (2000) 27 Ecol. Law Q. 263.
Rui Y. et al., “Microbial respiration, but not biomass, responded linearly to increasing light fraction organic matter input: Consequences for carbon sequestration” (2016) 6 Scientific Reports 35496.
Six J. et al., “Bacterial and Fungal Contributions to Carbon Sequestration in Agroecosystems” (2006) 70 Soil Sci Soc Am J 555.
Spinosa L., “Evolution of sewage sludge regulations in Europe” (2001) 44 Water Sci Technol 1.
Su C. et al., “A review on heavy metal contamination in the soil worldwide: Situation, impact and remediation techniques” (2014) 3 Environmental Skeptics and Critics 24.
Sukhdev P., “Putting a Price on Nature: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity” (2010) 1 The Solutions Journal 34.
Tamburini G. et al., “Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services Veloso M.G. et al., “High carbon storage in a previously degraded subtropical soil under no-tillage with legume cover crops” (2018) 268 Agr Ecosyst Environ 15.
Vrebos D. et al., “The Impact of Policy Instruments on Soil Multifunctionality in the European Union” (2017) 9 Sustainability 407.
Weissengruber L. et al., “Long-term soil accumulation of potentially toxic elements and selected organic pollutants through application of recycled phosphorus fertilizers for organic farming conditions” (2018) 110 Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 427.
Wen Y. et al., “Impact of agricultural fertilization practices on organo-mineral associations in four long term field experiments: Implications for soil C sequestration” (2019) 651 Sci Total Environ 591.
White S., “EU agricultural policy incoherent and outdated – report” (EURACTIV, 4 December 2017), https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/eu-agricultural-policyincoherent-and-outdated-report/.
Wildlife & Countryside Link, “A Future Sustainable Farming and Land Management Policy for England” (2018), https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/wcl_future_sustainable_farming_policy_briefing.pdf.
Yang Y. et al., “Soil carbon sequestration accelerated by restoration of grassland biodiversity” (2019) 10 Nature Communications 718.
Zanten B.T.V. et al., “European agricultural landscapes, common agricultural policy and ecosystem services: a review” (2014) 34 Agron. Sustain. Dev. 309.
Zomer R.J. et al., “Global Sequestration Potential of Increased Organic Carbon in Cropland Soils” (2017) 7 Scientific Reports 15554.
