Początki piśmiennictwa staropermskiego. Stefanowski "Anbur" ("Abur") jako jeden z najstarszych zabytków uralskich

Abstrakt

The purpose of the article is a synthetic description of the genesis and peculiarity of the oldest Permian writing — the anbur (abur) from 1372, created by St. Stephen of Perm (Hrap). Old Permian linguistic scripts belong to the oldest, after Hungarian, in the history of Ugro-Finnish (Uralian) literature. The anbur was developed on the basis of Cyrillic graphics, the Greek alphabet and Old-Permian runic tradition, the so-called pas. However, the origin of the writing has not been explained yet. Scholars point at similarities of the signs of the anbur to the alphabets of Caucasian languages (especially the phonemic Old Georgian writing) and Old Armenian, and even Aramaic; they also argue for its connections with Iranian linguistic systems (there is a possibility of existence in old Perm of a literature of Persian provenience) and similarities to an Old Indian consonantal system of writing of a liturgical nature — the brahmi from XIII century BC. Recently it was discovered that the graphonimics (names of the letters) of the anbur constitutes a semantic coherence. St. Stephen had given his alphabet a numerical form.

The Author presents the few surviving Old Permian scripts of writing (recordings of uninterrupted texts), which include lists of alphabets, inscriptions above icons, insertions in Russian manuscripts from the XV–XVI centuries.